Chapter 4

Front 1

Breakdown the Nervous System [TREE]

Back 1

Nervous system connects to the Peripheral Nervous System and the Central Nervous System. The PNS connects to the Autonomic and Somatic. The Autonomic connects to the Sympathetic (fight or flight) and the Parasympathetic (calm / relaxed).

Front 2

What does the Autonomic control?

Back 2

Controls self-regulated internal organs and glands.

Front 3

What does the Somatic control?

Back 3

Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.

Front 4

How many parts is the Nervous System divided into?

Back 4

2 Parts, the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System.

Front 5

Define Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 5

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 6

Define Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 6

Consists of everything outside or peripheral to the brain and spinal cord including most organs, muscles, skin, etc...

Front 7

How many parts is the PNS divided into and which parts?

Back 7

Divided into 2 parts, the Somatic and Autonomic systems.

Front 8

Define Somatic Nervous System

Back 8

Part of the PNS that we have control over such as arm and leg muscles, finger, toes (voluntary muscles)

Front 9

Define Autonomic Nervous System

Back 9

Part of the PNS that we have no control over such as the heart intestines, etc...

Front 10

What does the Central Nervous System consist of?

Back 10

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 11

Which are the nerves of the Peripheral Nervous System?

Back 11

the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Front 12

What are the terms used to describe location when referring to the nervous system?

Back 12

Ventral, Dorsal, Anterior, Posterior

Front 13

Define Ventral

Back 13

Towards the stomach, away from the dorsal (back) side.

Front 14

Define Dorsal

Back 14

Towards the back, away from the ventral (stomach) side. The top of the brain is considered dorsal because it has that position in four-legged animals.

Front 15

Define Anterior

Back 15

Towards the front end.

Front 16

Define Posterior

Back 16

Towards the rear end.

Front 17

Define Superior

Back 17

Above another part.

Front 18

Define Inferior

Back 18

Below another part.

Front 19

Define Lateral

Back 19

Toward the side, away from the midline.

Front 20

Define Medial

Back 20

Toward the midline, away from the side.

Front 21

Define Proximal

Back 21

Located close (approximate) to the point of origin or attachment.

Front 22

Define Distal

Back 22

Located more distant from the point origin or attachment.

Front 23

Define Ipsilateral

Back 23

On the same side of the body (E.G. Two parts on the left or two on the right)

Front 24

Define Contralateral

Back 24

On the opposite side of the body (one on the left and one on the right)

Front 25

Define Coronal Plane

Back 25

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the front (or frontal plane)

Front 26

Define Sagital Plane

Back 26

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side.

Front 27

Define Horizontal Plane

Back 27

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from above (or transverse plane)

Front 28

Define Spinal Cord

Back 28

Part of the CNS found within the spinal column that sends and receives messages between the brain and muscles and organs.

Front 29

Define Bell-Magendie Law

Back 29

- Sensory information (sensory neurons) come into the spinal cord via dorsal roots.

- Motor information (motor neurons) exit the spinal cord via ventral roots.

Front 30

Define Dorsal Root Ganglia

Back 30

Cell bodies of the incoming sensory neurons that are located in clusters outside the spinal cord.

Front 31

Define Gray Matter

Back 31

Cell bodies of motor neurons that are inside the spinal cord.

Front 32

Define Ganglion

Back 32

A cluster of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS.

Front 33

Define Nucleus

Back 33

A cluster of neuron cell bodies inside the CNS.

Front 34

What happens to Sensory information when it is picked up by our senses?

Back 34

After it is picked up by our senses, it is carried on sensory neurons through the dorsal root into the spinal cord and then up to the brain.

Front 35

Where are Motor information sent to?

Back 35

Sent to the brain to the spinal cord on motor neurons out through the ventral toot to the muscles.

Front 36

What is the spinal cord comprised of?

Back 36

Gray Matter and White Matter

Front 37

Define Gray Matter

Back 37

located in the center of the spinal cord, is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons.

Front 38

Define White Matter

Back 38

Composed mostly of myelinated axons (sensory and motor neurons) that carry information from the gray matter upward to the brain or to other areas of the spinal cord.

Front 39

Define Autonomic Nervous System

Back 39

Sends and receives messages to regulate the automatic (not controlled by you) behaviors of the body (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, etc.)

Front 40

How many subsystems is Autonomic Nervous System dived into and what are they?

Back 40

- Divided into two subsystems.

- The subsystems are, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Front 41

Define Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 41

is a network of nerves that prepares the organs for high activity, or "fight or flight."

Front 42

What is the SNS comprised of?

Back 42

Comprised of chains of ganglia on the left and right of the spinal cord that connects the spinal cord to the organs.

Front 43

What does the SNS increase and decrease in?

Back 43

Increases in heart rate, blood pressure, etc. as well as decrease in digestion and bladder constriction.

Front 44

Define Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 44

decreases the functions increased by the sympathetic nervous system, returning them back to a normal state.

Front 45

Where are Parasympathetic ganglia located?

Back 45

Located close to each organ, not next to the spinal cord.

Front 46

Long preganglionic axons extend from?

Back 46

extend from the spinal cord to the ganglia, then connects to an organ with a shorter axon.

Front 47

What do Postganglionic axons of the Parasympathetic Nervous System primarily release?

Back 47

Acetylcholine

Front 48

What do Postganglionic axons of the Sympathetic Nervous System primarily release?

Back 48

Norepinephrine

Front 49

Because the two systems use different neurotransmitters what do drugs effect?

Back 49

Drugs usually either effect one or the other. (IE. Cold medication blocks parasympathetic or increases sympathetic activity).

Front 50

Define the Brainstrem

Back 50

- Where the brain connects to the spinal cord

- Contains the structures : Medulla and Pons

Front 51

Where is the Brainstem located?

Back 51

Located at the posterior portion of the brain.

Front 52

Define Medulla

Back 52

- Located just above the spinal cord

- Responsible for vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing and, sneezing.

Front 53

Define Pons ("Bridge")

Back 53

- Lies on each side of the medulla (ventral and anterior)

- Axons from each side of the brain cross over and connect to the opposite side of the body. - called Cross Laterality.

Front 54

Define Cross Laterality

Back 54

Axons from each side of the brain cross over and connect to the opposite side of the body.

Front 55

What are the functions of the Cerebellum ("Little Brain")?

Back 55

- Responsible for motor coordination and balance - muscle memory such as dancing, brushing teeth, throwing a ball.

- Important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli as well as sensory timing (ex. Can't tell whether one rhythm is faster than another)

- Stores procedural memories (type of long-term memories involving "how to do something")

Front 56

Define Limbic System

Back 56

consists of a number of interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem.

Front 57

Details about the Limbic System?

Back 57

- Includes the hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus.

- Associated with motivation, emotion, drives (hunger, thirst, sex), aggression.

- Hippocampus consolidates long term memories.

Front 58

Define Thalamus ("relay station")

Back 58

Relays (receives and passes on) sensory information from the sensory organs to appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex.

Front 59

What are the functions of Hypothalamus?

Back 59

- Many critical functions such as hunger, thirst, sex drive, and other motivated behaviors.

- Conveys messages to the pituitary gland to signal the release of hormones.

Front 60

Define Hippocampus

Back 60

is a large structure located between the thalamus and cerebral cortex.

Front 61

Details of Hippocampus?

Back 61

- Critical for consolidating long-term memories (Semantic and episodic)

- Consolidation occurs as we sleep.

- A good night of sleep helps consolidate memories of that day.

Front 62

Define the Cerebral Cortex

Back 62

Most prominent part of the mammalian brain, the grey, folded mass of tissue that we think of as a "brain."

Front 63

Details of the Cerebral Cortex?

Back 63

- Divided into two halves or hemispheres which are connected by two bundles of axons called the corpus callosum.

- The cerebral cortex is proportionately larger and has more folds in humans than other species.

- All of this "Gray matter" consists of densely packed cell bodies of neurons.

Front 64

What do the four lobes of the cerebral cortex include?

Back 64

- Occipital Lobe (Vision)

- Partietal Lobe (Body Sense)

- Temporal Lobe (Hearing)

- Frontal Lobe ( Thinking Moving, Speaking)

Front 65

Details of the Occipital Lobe?

Back 65

- Located at the posterior end of the cortex

- Known as the primary visual cortex

- Highly responsible for visual input

- Damage can result in cortical blindness, where a person cannot see in a certain part of the visual field. Someone with complete cortical blindness cannot see, and cannot even imagine or dream about seeing.

Front 66

Which Cortex does the Parietal Lobe contain?

Back 66

Contains the Somatosensory Cortex.

Front 67

What is the Somatosensory Cortex responsible for?

Back 67

Responsible for touch sensations all over the body.

Front 68

What does the Parietal Lobe also process?

Back 68

Also processes spatial information and integrates information about eye, head and body positions.

Front 69

Details of the Temporal Lobe?

Back 69

- Located on the lateral portion of each hemisphere near the temples.

- Responsible for understanding spoken language (left side)

- Responsible for recognizing faces and perception of movement.

- Also important for emotional and motivational behaviors.

Front 70

What does the Frontal Lobe contain?

Back 70

Contains the prefrontal cortex and the precentral gyrus (motor cortex)

Front 71

Define Precentral Gyrus (Motor Cortex)

Back 71

Responsible for the control of fine motor movement (ex. individual fingers)

Front 72

Define Prefrontal Cortex

Back 72

The integration center for all sensory information and other areas of the cortex.

Front 73

What is the Prefrontal Cortex responsible for?

Back 73

- Responsible for higher functions such as abstract thinking and planning.

- Responsible for our ability to remember recent events and information ("working memory")

Front 74

People with damage to the prefrontal cortex exhibit?

Back 74

Delayed-response task

Front 75

Define Delayed-Response Task

Back 75

Have to respond to something they see or hear after a delay

Front 76

How do various parts of the cerebral cortex work together?

Back 76

work together by coordinating with one another.

Front 77

All areas of the brain communicate with _____ _____, but no single central processor exists that _____ _____ __ _______ ___________.

Back 77

one another / that puts it all together.

Front 78

Does research show that having a larger brain is correlated with higher intelligence?

Back 78

no

Front 79

IQ is correlated (has a connection with) with?

Back 79

The Amount of gray matter

Front 80

brain-to-body ratio research has some?

Back 80

limited validity

Front 81

Do men or women have more white matter?

Do men or women have larger brains?

Is the IQ the same?

Who has more gray matter?

Back 81

- Men have more white matter

- men have larger brains because of the white matter

- IQ is the same

- Gray matter is the same

Front 82

Various differences in specific brain structures exist between men and women, but the number of neurons are about the _______ for both.

Back 82

same