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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Chapter 4? |
Chapter 4 is Career Choice and counselling |
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What does Chapter 4 teach? |
1. Trait-and-Factor Theory 2. categories of types and relationships in Hollands' Theory 3. Psychological processes that constitute types in Jung's Theories; their relevance to working relationships 4. The fit between the individual and work on work adjustment according to Dawis and Lofquist |
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What else does Chapter 4 teach us? |
5. Super's view on self-concepts, career maturity, career adjustment and life stages 6. Cognitive-behavioral approaches to decision making 7. determinants and outcomes for the decision making process in Krumboltz's theory 8. career-efficacy expectations and its involvement for men and women on career development according to Hackett and Betz' Model |
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What is missing here
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The rest of the outcomes, if time allows |
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How does Kidd (2009) define career counselling |
A one-to-one interaction between practitioner and the client, usually ongoing, involving the application of psychological theories and recognized set of communication skills. The primary focus is on helping the client with making career-related decisions and deal with career related issues |
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What is stage 1? |
Stage 1 is the trait-and-factor/person-and-environment theories |
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What are Trait-and-Factor/Person-environment-fit theories? which is part 1 of chapter 4 |
• These theories have developed from the measurement of movement that assess the characteristics of both the person and the job • Trait- refers to characteristics typical to the individual - used to predict behavior • Factor- refers to the construct that represents a series of traits that correlate and are required for a successful job performance |
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What theories are underpinned by trait-and-factor/person-environment-fit paradigm? |
1. Parson't trait and factor theory 2. Halland's theory of personality and occupational types 3. Dawis and Lofquist;s theory of person-environment-correspondence 4. Jung's Theory of personality types |
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Parson's trait and factor theory |
• Aimed at helping young people make wise decisions and to become employed • It consists of a three-pronged approach 1. Self-Knowledge 2. Obtaining knowledge about the Job 3. Integrating individuals traits to the job |
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Parson's trait and factor theory (cont.) |
• Characteristics measured for career guidance and 1. Mental abilities 2. personality characteristics 3. interests 4. values • The limitations of using the instruments developed around this approach are: - reliability and validity - professional and expertise orientation of person administering instrument - mechanistic, by how a person is represented by a value - instruments viewed as static not developmental |
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Main assumptions of Holland's theory of personality types and occupational types (RIASEC model) |
1. Individuals chose situations that satisfy personal orientations 2. People search for environments that will help them use their skills and abilities, express their attitudes, and take on challenges and roles |
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What are the Six personality types of Holland's Theory of personality and occupational types? (RIASEC model) |
R - Realistic I - Investigative A - Artistic S - Social E - Enterprising C - Conventional • there are also 6 modal-orientations in line with 6 modal personal orientations |
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What is Holland's Hexagonal Model? (CCDI) |
• Made up of the 6 personality types (RIASEC) • There are four constructs used to provide a holistic picture of the interaction of the personality types in the working environment: 1. Congruence 2. Consistency 3. Differentiation 4. Identity |
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What are the limitations of Holland's personality types theory? |
1. The results may be misused to too simplicity of its application - even though the theory is complex) 2. Less experienced counselors may use the results to refer clients to a limited set of careers choices 3. Personality-environment-fit environments may not always be applicable to availability of jobs on the market |
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What is Dawis and Lofquist's theory on person-environment-correspondence's theories main assumptions? |
• peoples abilities and requirements unfold through interaction with their environment • Focuses on the fit of someone to the job • Success will come when there is an optimal correspondence between person and their environment |
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What are the central points of the work adjustment/person-environment correspondence? (1-3) in Dawin and Lofquist's theory |
1. Wok involves interaction between the individual and the environment and exists of requirements from both 2. Once the requirements from both the person and the environment are satisfied, one can refer to correspondence 3. Following this, the two criteria of word adjustment can be observed -these are satisfaction and the ability to satisfy |
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What are the central points of the work adjustment/person-environment correspondence (4-6) in Dawin and Lofquist's theory |
4. The person's satisfaction and their ability to satisfy is essential for tenure of the individual 5. In order to predict work adjustment the individuals personality and environment have to be described in correspondence 6. Structure explains the skill and ability of the individual where Style explains their celerity, pace and rhythm as well as endurance |
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What the strengths of Dawin and Lofquists theory on person-environment correspondence? |
1. It is based on empirical studies 2. Can be applied to many issues regarding work adjustment 3. the model it is based on can asses resistance to change as well as flexibility and prevalence on the individual and the organisation's side 4. It identified how difficult the adjustment problem is and how much adjustment can be expected |
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What does Jung's theory on personality types compare? |
1. His theory uses psychological constructs to understand personality 2. He speaks of two attributes • extroversion and • introversion 3. His theory has four functions - 1. sensing, 2. intuition, 3. thinking, 4. feeling 4. He maintains that psychological processes are not equal in strength and can vary at specific times in life - each can help with certain roles in life |
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What is Jung's Dichotomy? (EIDL) (ESTJ|INFP) |
Energy (Introversion vs Extroversion) Information (Sensing vs Intuition) Decisions (Thinking vs Feeling) Lifestyle (Judging vs Perceiving) |
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What is the contribution of his Measurement instrument? what did Jung's contributions lead to? |
1. It's useful by determining context for vocational guidance 2. Led to the Myers-Briggs Type indicator • useful in 21st cent as it assumes development component • allows people to adopt new situations to their personality 3. Jung's personality questionnaire - selects suitable occupation in accordance with personality type |
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What is part 2? |
Part two are life span development theories
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What is important here? |
1.. development is continuous throughout life and managing and maintaining a career is a continuous process 2. theories for life span development use psychological concepts 3. Donald Super has the most commonly used theory |
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What is Donald Super's theory? |
this is Super's career development theory |
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What is the essence of this theory? |
• it is the formation and implementation of self concepts in the workplace - there needs to be synergy between the workplace and the self concept and aspects of reality • A self concept is the individual's own view of their personal characteristics in relation and interaction with the environment • syntheses is a learning process that incorporated role playing |
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What more is in the essence of this theory? |
Adjustment - which refers to outcomes of behavior development Career Maturity - which refers to readiness to make career decisions and choices to cope with tasks and life stages |
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What are Super's Life stages? |
1. Growth [birth to 12-14] 2. Exploration [Adolescence 14-25] 3. Establishment [Early Adulthood 25-45] 4. Maintenance [Middle Adulthood 45-65] 5. Decline [65 +] |
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What is specific with growth? |
• People develop self and concepts of themselves • Fantasies have influence here • Experiences slowly become more realistic |
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What is specific with adolescence? |
Experiment with tentative career choices through part time and holiday jobs |
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What is specific with Early Adulthood? |
This is a trial and error period by which at the end a career is chosen Here advancement and security become more weighted |
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What is specific with Middle Adulthood? |
Continue along the established lines with either one of two effects. 1. Stagnation 2. Continuous Education |
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What is specific with Late Adulthood? |
people start to disengage from their work, seeking less responsibiity |
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What are the advancements of Super's theory on career development? |
In terms of advancements, there have been additions to it [certain models] because it allowed it. 1. The Life-Career Rainbow 2. The Segment Model |
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What are the strengths of Daniel Super's theory on career development?
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The strengths of the theory are: 1. flexibility to incorporating cultures 2. acceptability of African contexts 3. Emphasis on career adaptability - people are able to cope with the changes of the world in his theory |
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what is stage 3? |
Stage 3 is Cognitive Behavioral theories |
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What are some of the specific about these theories? |
1. The developed from behavioral psychology 2. They emphasize: - change-focus problem solving - cognitive process which allow people to monitor their own progress 3. These theories are: - Krumboltz Theory - Mitchel, Levin and Krumboltz Theory - hackett and Betz's theory |
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What is Krumboltz's Theory? |
his theory is: Krumboltz' career decision making theory |
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What is Krumboltz's career decision making theory about? |
1. His theory is an application of the social learning theory 2. it assumes that: - Learning, genetics and environmental factor determine decision making - the interaction of these elements determine the outcomes and actions of people |
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What are the decision making determinants and outcomes based on? |
Determinants - Genetic endowment - Special abilities Outcomes - self observation and generalizations - world-view generalizations - Task approach skill |
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What is Mitchell, Levin and Krumboltz's theory? |
This theory is: Mitchell, lewin and Krumboltz's happenstance approach theory |
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What is the essence of Mitchell, Levin and Krumboltz's happenstance approach theory? |
• The primary assumption is that important influences are from unpredictable social, environmental and life span events drive decision making • This theory suggests that the counselor assists the client in dealing with unplanned events in a positive manner |
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What are the five critical elements of Mitchell, Levis and Krumboltz's happenstance approach theory? |
Five critical elements of the client 1. Curiosity 2. Persistence 3. Flexibility 4. Optimism 5. Risk-Taking |
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What is Hackett and Betz's theory? |
Their Theory is: Hackett and Betz's theory of self-efficacy |
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What is the essence of Hackett adn Betz's theory of self-efficacy? |
• The work is based on Bandura and krumboltz, Mitchel and Jones • Self-efficacy is highlighted as the key to career decisions - focus is placed on career development of women • Women and men differ to their expectations of self-efficacy - women's are low, resulting in a lack of fully realizing their potential |
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What does this lower expectation of self-efficacy in women lead to? |
1. Lower pay 2. Lower status jobs 3. Low representation in professional fields: - engineering - law 4. low representation in management and administration |
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What must be considered when understanding women's development of self-efficacy |
1. performance accomplishments - successful work promotes self-efficacy 2. Vicarious Learning - learning by observation 3. Emotional Arousal - anxiety and stress susceptibility can effect self-efficacy 4. Verbal persuasion - encouragement can increase self-efficacy |
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What is stage 4 |
This is Psychodynamic Approaches |
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What is the essence of this? |
• Focus on issues like ego identity, life script and life themes • based on internal motivation structures and constructs of identity. lifestyle, self and family systems • Theory includes: 1. Bordin's Theory of personaltiy development 2. Tiedeman, O'Hara and Miller Tiedemanns lifecareer decision making theeory |
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What is the essence of Bodin's theory of personality development? |
1. Childhood experiences lay the foundation for the relationship people have with work 2. Play is intrinsic and satisfying, for children this creates joy, for adults this is considered a self-satisfying career 3. In childhood play becomes effort and thus more complex and intense over time 4. a person's experience of compulsion and effort determine their play and effort use |
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How can we visualize this better using a tree metaphor? |
The roots are play, compulsion and effort branches subsequently grow in different directions from here these branches represent career decisions |
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What is the essence of Tiedemann,, O'Hara and Miller-Tiedemann's lifecareer decision-making theory? |
The theory aims at providing a model for the inner experience of decision making and is based on Erikson's view of ego-identity which develops over stages of life - ego-identity is is a self-organizing system that develops through internal mechanisms of differentiation and reintegration |
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What more can we say about Tiedemann, O'Harra and Millwe-Tiedemann's lifecareer decision-making theory? |
Differentiation - allows the individual to distinguish between self and environment Reintegration - allows the individual to structure different aspects of self into a meaningful whole, which can the contribute to the wholeness of self |
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How can we look at decision making in this theory? |
Differentiation and Integration allow for new knowledge and experience to constantly be formed the decision making process is divided into two phases: 1. anticipation 2. Implementation |
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What is anticipation in this theory of lifecareer decision making |
1. Exploration 2. Crystallization 3. Choice 4. Clarification > which all then leads to the implementation phase |
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What is implementation in this context? |
Implementation is the the induction, reformation and reintegration of the experiences |
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What more can be said about decision making in the lifecareer decision making theory? |
This theory incorporates two realities. 1. personal reality 2. common reality • In the advancement of an individuals career, a person must be able to differentiate between the two relaities |
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What is stage 5? |
Stage 5 is Rational approaches to career development |
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What is the essence of this? |
1. Conentration ofparents and family into decision making of children 2. Roe's theory of parent child relationships to understanding the relevance of needs to occupational behavior 3. Because work can satisfy needs in many ways 4. the strength of needs and the mode of satisfying them are determined by parent child relations |
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What is the essence of Roes theory of child parent relation? |
• It is based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs • He conceptualized three basic parental behaviors in parent-child relation that affect orientation: 1. emotional concentration on the child 2. Avoidance of the child 3. Acceptance of the child • He further developed an eight occupational clarification system |
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What is Roe's Eight occupational Clarification system? |
This is divided into 1. Nature order of the occupational groups 2. Levels of difficulty and responsibility required in these occupations |
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What are the 8 Nature order of the occupational groups? |
These 8 nature and orders are: 1. Service 2. Business contact 3. Organisational 4. Technology 5. Outdoors 6. Science 7. General culture 8. [=Arts and entertainment |
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The 6 levels of difficulty and responsibility are: |
1. Unskilled 2. Semi-Skilled 3. Skilled 4. Semi-professional and small business 5. Professional and Managerial II 6. Professional and Managerial I |
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What is stage 6? |
This stage is about Person-environment perspectives |
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What is the essence of person-environment perspectives? |
• Its view is that career and career development are embedded in a larger context made of a social and environmental interaction and relationship • The focus is placed on interaction over a lifespan • Career counselling procedures attempt to uncover internal and external variables that contribute to career development |
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What is the essence of Cook, Heppner and O'Briens race/gender and ecological theory? |
1. Everyone has a race and a gender and this shapes career throughout life [determined by obstacles and opportunities because of it] 2. Career behavior is defined by the context in which it is and in which it is being observed 3. Four systems make up the environment: (1). microsystem, (2). mesosystem, (3). exosystem, (4). macrosystem |
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More about Cook, Heppner and O'Briens gender/race and ecological theory |
4. Career behavior is thus determined by the interrelationship of the four elements 5. The focus of the counselor is thus on the environment |
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What is the essence Brown's Theory of values? |
1. The stress lies on the importance of values on the decision making 2.. These values incorporate cognitive, affective and behavioral components and serve as standards - the individual evaluates his/her own actions 3. The argument is that individuals function holistically and therefore the counselor should include interactions of a person's various roles in their whole space of life |
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What are the six propositions that this theory is based on? |
1. value system acquired from society 2. values of high priorities that influence life role choices 3. the development of values is influenced by gender, culture, socio economic background etc. 4. life roles that satisfy all prioritized life roles 5. the significance of a role is determined by its expected ability to satisfy priority values 6. success depends of abilities and aptitudes |
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What is stage 7? |
Stage 7 is Post-Modern Perspectives? |
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What is the essence of this stage? |
1. Perspectives are undermined by constructivism where the person constructs their truth 2. Focus on subjective experience where the person is the agent of their career 3. Career counselors focus on the meaning their clients give to their problems |
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What is the essence of Slavickas' career construction theory? |
1. People construct their careers by placing value on their vocational behavior and experiences 2. The ides of subjective construction imposes meaning on the individuals past, present and future experiences and aspirations creating a life theme 3. Counselors use career construction theory to listen to clients' narratives |
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These counselors listen for the following: |
1. Life structure issues 2. Vocational personal style 3. Career adaptability 4. thematic life stories/life themes |
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What is the essence of Frankl's theory of existential guidance? also know and loggotherapy |
1. Used to help the client recognize the role of the human spirit to find meaning in life 2. Career counselors help clients find meaning in life and help them advance their human dignity and discovering |
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What is the essence of the Diagnostic Framework for career services? |
1. This framewor is based on Savickas' model of coherent career services and draws on different career theories: - vocational self - attitudes and behaviors to work tasks - subjective sense of career - self awareness of a person's career behavior, self concept, and identity |
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What is the essence of the Diagnostic Framework for career services? (cont.)
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Career Self - individual makes meaning and uses it to direct their behavior ina mature manner
Environment - Career roles related to career/life tasks and challenges the individual has to deal with on their journey |
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What are the explanations of the following terms in the context of diagnostic framework of career services? |
• Career counselling • Career guidance • Career placement • Career Therapy • Career education • Career coaching |
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what is career counselling? |
To clarify ones working/vocational identity and envision a subjective career. This is done by facilitating self reflection • cognitive restructuring • elaboration of self concept through introspection and discussion of subjective career |
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What is Career guidance? |
Translating self concept into occupational titles for clients who have clear cut titles but no work goals or destiny in mind |
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What is Career placement? |
• reduce employment seeking anxiety • increase assertiveness • counter mistaken beliefs • coach exploratory behavior • increase social skills and refine self presentation |
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What is Career therapy? |
Help clients who have motivational problems, indecisiveness, anxiety, conflicts develop a clear and stable vocational identity |
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What is Career education? |
To assist the development of self-management attitudes, competencies, readiness to cope with vocational development |
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What is Career coaching?
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To teach adaptive techniques through mentoring and coaching |
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What are the guidelines set out by the PySSA in regards to the Ethical code for psychologists |
A psychologist must: 1. Recognize the worth and dignity of a client irrespective of race, gender, creed, status, language or other factors 2. Use research knowledge and skills objectively without bias to understand human behavior 3. Maintain high levels by reflecting their qualification and experience accurately keeping their methods of practice up to date and performing tasks professionally, planned and in a responsible way |
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What are the guidelines set out by the PySSA in regards to the Ethical code for psychologists |
4. adhere to moral and legal standards ensuring psychological tests and other processes and decisions involving people are fair and undiscriminating 5. Honor confidentiality and informed consent 6. ensure welfare of the individual group |
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What are the guidelines set out by the PySSA in regards to the Ethical code for psychologists |
7. ensure that no action, procedure or type of relationship will harm the integrity of the professional contract between the client and the psychologist 8. Be open with clients about fees and terminations of services if no progress is being made 9. Ensure that professional relations are upheld at all times |
