Chapter 4

Front 1

Living organisms consist of mostly

Back 1

Carbon-based compaounds

Front 2

Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form

Back 2

Large complex, and diverse molecules

Front 3

Study of compounds that contain carbon

Back 3

Organic chemistry

Front 4

Organic compounds range from

Back 4

Simple molecules to colossal ones

Front 5

Most organic compounds contain

Back 5

hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms

Front 6

______(person) tried to make inorganic salt ammonium cyanate by mixing ammonium ions and cyanate ions instead urea was made. Kolbe made acetic acid

Back 6

Wohler

Front 7

Processes of life are governed by

Back 7

physical and chemical laws

Front 8

_________(person) classic experiment demonstrated the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds (Vitalism to mechanism)

Back 8

Stanley Miller (support the idea that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds could have been a stage int he origin of life)

Front 9

_______ is key to an atom's characteristics and determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms

Back 9

Electron configuration

Front 10

In molecules with multiple carbons each carbon bonded to 4 other atoms has a

Back 10

Tetrahedral shape

Front 11

Shape of molecule determines its function

Back 11

Front 12

The electron configuration of carbon gives it a

Back 12

covalent compatibility with many different elements

Front 13

The valences ofcarbon and its most frequent partners (hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are the“building code” that governs the architecture of living molecules

Back 13

Front 14

Carbon chains form the _____and vary in length and shape

Back 14

skeletons of the most organic molecules

Front 15

Length

Back 15

Front 16

Branching

Back 16

Front 17

Double bond position

Back 17

Front 18

Presence of rings

Back 18

Front 19

______ are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Back 19

Hydrocarbons

Front 20

Many organic molecules such as ___ have hydrocarbon components

Back 20

Fats

Front 21

______ are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Back 21

Isomers

Front 22

Structural isomers have

Back 22

Different covalent arrangements of their atoms

Front 23

_____ have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

Back 23

Cis-Trans isomers

Front 24

______ Are isomers that are mirror images of each other

Back 24

Enantiomers

Front 25

Enantiomers are important because

Back 25

-Two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects

-Usually one isomer is biologically active

-Differing effects of enantiomers demonstrate that organisms are sensitive to even subtle variation in molecules

Front 26

______ of organic molecules depend on the carbon skeleton and on the molecular components attached to it

Back 26

Distinctive properties

Front 27

A number of characteristic groups can replace the hydrogens attached to skeletons of organic molecules

Back 27

These groups may participate in the chemical reactions or may contribute to function indirectly by their effects on molecular shape

Front 28

_____ are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Back 28

Functional groups

Front 29

The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule

Back 29

its unique properties

Front 30

Example of Functional group arrangement

Back 30

Front 31

The 7 functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life are:

The first 6 can act as functional groups; they are hydrophilic and thus increase the solubility of organic compounds in water.

Back 31

1. Hydroxyl group

2. Carbonyl group

3. Carboxyl group

4. Amino group

5. Sulfhydryl group

6. Phosphate group

7.Methyl group

The methyl group is not reactive but instead serve as a recognizable tag on biological molecules

Front 32

Hydroxyl

Back 32

-Ends with -ol

-Is polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom

-Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars

Front 33

Carbonyl

Back 33

-KETONES if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton

-ALDEHYDES if carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton

-Ketones and aldehydes may be structural isomers with different properties as is the case for acetone and propanal

-both are also found in sugars, giving rise to two major groups of sugars ketoses and aldoses.

Front 34

Carboxyl

Back 34

-Carboxylic acids or organic acids

-acts as acid; can donate an H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar

-found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion

Front 35

Amino

Back 35

-Amines

-Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution

-found in cells in the ioninzed form of 1+

Front 36

Sulfhydryl

Back 36

-Thiols

-Two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. Helps stabilize protein structure

-Cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair

Front 37

Phosphate

Back 37

-Organic Phosphates

-Molecules containing phosphate group have the potential to react with water, releasing energy

Front 38

Methyl

Back 38

-Methylated compounds

-arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function

Front 39

Primary energy transferring molecule in the cell (Energy currency)

Back 39

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) phosphate molecule

Front 40

ATP consist of

Back 40

an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of 3 phospate