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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis
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Name for the condition in which all body systems are working at their best.
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Metabolism
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Physical and chemical processes by which substances are produced and broken down into energy or products for use by the body.
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10 Body Systems
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Integumentary
musculoskeletal nervous circulatory or cardiovascular respiratory urinary gastrointestinal endocrine reproductive immune and lymphatic |
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Body Systems
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Made up of organs.
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Organ
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Made up of tissues, have a specific function.
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Tissue
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Made up of groups of cells that perform a similar task.
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Cells
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The building blocks of the body. Divide, grow, and die, renewing the tissues and organs of the body.
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Anterior or ventral
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Front of the body or body part.
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Posterior or dorsal
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Back of the body or body part.
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Superior
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Toward the head.
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Inferior
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Away from the head.
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Medial
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Toward the midline of the body.
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Lateral
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To the side, away from the midline of the body.
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Proximal
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Closer to the torso.
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Distal
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Further away from the torso.
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Order of systems
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Body system
organ tissue groups of cells cells |
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Skin
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Largest organ and system in the body. Prevents injury to internal organs, protects body against entry of bacteria, also prevents the loss of too much water. Regulates body temperature and is also a sense organ.
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Dilate
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Widen.
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Constrict
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Narrow.
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Blood vessels
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Dilate or widen when outside temperature is too high and constrict or narrow when outside temperature is too low.
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Atrophy
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When muscles waste away, decrease in size, and become weak.
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Contracture
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When the muscle or tendon shortens, becomes inflexible, and "freezes" in position.
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Skeleton
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Framework of the human body, has 206 bones.
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Muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
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These give the body shape and structure, and work together to move the body.
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Bones
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Allow the body to move, protects organs and two of these meet at a joint.
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Joint
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Where two bones meet.
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Muscles
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Connected to bones by tendons, provide movement of body parts to maintain posture and produce heat.
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Inflammation
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Swelling of the joints, causes stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility.
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Autoimmune illness
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Causes the body's immune system to attack normal tissue in the body.
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Arthritis
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General term referring to inflammation, two common types are rheumatoid ? and osteo ?.
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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Can affect people of all ages, joints become red, swollen, and very painful. Deformities can result and may be severe and disabling, movement is eventually restricted. Considered an autoimmune disease.
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Osteoarthritis
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Also called degenerative joint disease or DJD or Degenerative arthritis, often affects older people and may occur with aging or as a result of joint injury. hips and knees/weight-bearing joints, are usually affected. pain and stiffness seems to increase in cold or damp weather.
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Osteoporosis
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Causes bones to become porous and brittle, break easily. May be due to age, lack of hormones, lack of calcium, excessive alcohol use, or lack of exercise. Occurs more commonly in women after menopause. Extra calcium and regular exercise can help prevent this.
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Fracture
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Broken bone.
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Partial weight bearing
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Means the resident is able to support some body weight on one or both legs.
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Full weight bearing
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Means that both legs can bear 100 percent of the body weight on a step.
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Abduction pillow
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Immobilizes and positions the hips and lower extremities. Normally used for 6 to 12 weeks after surgery while the resident is sleeping in bed.
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Nervous system
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The control message center of the body. It controls and coordinates all body functions. It has two main parts the central and the peripheral.
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Central nervous system
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Is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
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Peripheral nervous system
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Deals with the periphery, or outer part, of the body via the nerves that extend throughout the body.
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Expressive aphasia
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Trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing.
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Receptive aphasia
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Difficulty understanding spoken or written words.
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Emotional lability
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Laughing or crying without any reason, or when it is inappropriate.
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Dysphasia
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Difficulty swallowing.
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Hemiplegia
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Paralysis on one side of the body.
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Hemiparesis
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Weakness on one side of the body.
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Gait
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Walk.
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Pill rolling
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Can be caused by Parkinson's disease it is a circular movement of the tips of the thumb and index finger when brought together, which looks like a rolling pin.
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Parkinson's disease
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A progressive, incurable disease. It gets worse with time and causes a section of the brain to degenerate. It affects the muscles, causing them to become stiff and causes stooped posture and a shuffling gait as well as pill rolling.
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Multiple sclerosis MS
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A progressive disease affecting the central nervous system, the protective covering for the nerves, spinal cord, and white matter of the brain breaks down over time. Without this covering, or sheath, nerves cannot send messages to and from the brain in a normal way. It progresses slowly and unpredictably.
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Symptoms for Parkinson's disease
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Tremors, shaking, mask-like facial expression.
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Symptoms for multiple sclerosis MS
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Blurred vision, fatigue, tremors, poor balance, and trouble walking. Weakness, numbness, tingling, incontinence, and behavior changes. Can cause blindness, contractures, loss of function in the arms and legs.
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Paresis
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A weakness or loss of ability on one side of the body , paralysis or loss of muscle function that affects only part of the body.
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Symptoms of head injuries
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Intellectual disabilities, personality changes, breathing problems, seizures, coma, memory loss, loss of consciousness, paresis, and paralysis.
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Spinal cord injuries
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The higher the injury, the greater loss of function. May have paraplegia or quadriplegia.
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Paraplegia
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Loss of function of the lower body and legs.
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Quadriplegia
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Loss of function in the legs, trunk, and arms.
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Vision impairment
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Cataracts, glaucoma, and blindness.
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Cataracts
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The lens of the eye, which is normally clear, becomes cloudy, preventing light from entering the eye. Vision blurs and dims initially and is eventually lost entirely.
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Glaucoma
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The pressure in the eye increases and eventually damages the retina and the optic nerve. Causes loss of vision and blindness. It can occur suddenly, causing severe pain, nausea, and vomiting. it can also occur gradually, including blurred vision, tunnel vision, and blue green halos around lights.
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Circulatory system
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Is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Heart pumps blood through blood vessels to cells. Blood carries food, oxygen, and other substances cells need to function properly. It supplies food, oxygen, and hormones to cells and supplies the body with infection fighting blood cells. It removes waste products from cells and also helps control body temperature.
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Hypertension
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High blood pressure, 140/90 or higher.
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Diuretics
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Medication that reduces fluid in the body.
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Coronary artery disease CAD
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Occurs when the blood vessels in the coronary arteries narrow, reducing blood supply to the heart muscle, depriving it of oxygen and nutrients. Over time, its fatty deposits block the artery, the muscle that was supplied by the blood vessel dies.
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Angina pectoris
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The heart muscle that is not getting enough oxygen causes chest pain pressure or discomfort
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Congestive heart failure CHF
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When the left side of the heart is affected, blood backs up into the lungs. When the right side is affected, blood backs up into the legs, feet, or abdomen. When one or both sides stop pumping blood properly, it is called this.
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Peripheral vascular disease PVD
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A disease in which the legs, feet, arms, or hands do not have enough blood circulation. This is due to fatty deposits in the blood vessels that harden overtime.
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Respiration
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The body taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, involves breathing in, inspiration, and breathing out, expiration. The lungs accomplish this process.
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Inspiration
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Breathing in.
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Expiration
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Breathing out.
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Respiratory system
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Functions are to bring oxygen into the body and to eliminate carbon dioxide produced as the body uses oxygen.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD
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A chronic disease, means a person may live for years with it but never be cured. Causes trouble with breathing, especially getting air out of the lungs. There are two chronic lung diseases that are grouped under this, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
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Bronchitis
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An irritation and inflammation of the lining of the bronchi.
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Chronic bronchitis
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A form of bronchitis that is usually caused by cigarette smoking.
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Emphysema
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A chronic disease of the lungs that usually results from chronic bronchitis and cigarette smoking. People with this have trouble breathing, there is no cure.
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Pneumonia
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An illness that can be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. Acute inflammation occurs in lung tissue. This is an acute lung infection.
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Urinary incontinence
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The inability to control the bladder, which leads to an involuntary loss of urine.
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Urinary system
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This is composed of two kidneys, two ureters, 1 urinary bladder, a single urethra, and meatus. It has two important functions, eliminating waste products created by the cells through urine, and maintaining the water balance in the body.
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Urinary tract infection UTI
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Causes inflammation of the bladder and the ureters, resulting in painful burning during urination. It also causes a frequent feeling of needing to urinate and may be caused by a bacterial infection. UTI's are more common in women because the urethra is much shorter than in men and bacteria can reach a woman's bladder more easily. Wipe front to back!
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Digestion
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The process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells.
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Elimination
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The process of expelling solid wastes, made up of the waste products of food, that are not absorbed into the cells.
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Gastrointestinal system GI
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Also called the digestive system it is made up of the gastrointestinal tract and the accessory digestive organs. It has two functions, digestion and elimination.
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Fecal incontinence
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Inability to control the bowels, leading to involuntary passage of stool
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Constipation
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The inability to eliminate stool, have a bowel movement or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of a hard, dry stool. Occurs when the feces move too slowly through the intestine.
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Enima
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A specific amount of water, with or without an additive, that is introduced into the colon to eliminate stools.
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Suppository
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A medication given rectally to cause a bowel movement.
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Fecal impaction
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A hard stool that is stuck in the rectum and cannot be expelled. Results from unrelieved constipation.
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Hemorrhoids
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Enlarge veins in the rectum, may also be visible outside the anus. Can develop from an increase in pressure in the lower rectum due to straining during bowel movements.
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Diarrhea
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Frequent elimination of liquid or semi liquid feces.
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD
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A chronic condition in which the liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus, liquid can inflame and damage the lining of the esophagus. It can cause bleeding, and ulcers. Heartburn is the most common symptom of this.
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Ostomy
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The surgical creation of an opening from an area inside the body to the outside.
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Stoma
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An artificial opening in the abdomen.
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Glands
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Organs that produce and secrete chemicals called hormones.
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Hormones
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Chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions.
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Endocrine system
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Made up of glands in different areas of the body. Functions of this system include maintaining homeostasis, influencing growth and development, regulating levels of sugar in the blood and the body's ability to reproduce, and the levels of calcium in the bones, it also determines how fast cells burn food for energy.
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Diabetes
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Occurs when the pancreas produces too little insulin or does not properly use insulin. Common in people with a family history of the illness, in the elderly, and in people who are obese. It is a chronic disease that has two major types, 1 & 2.
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Insulin
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A hormone that converts glucose, or natural sugar, into energy for the body.
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Glucose
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Natural sugar.
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Type 1 diabetes
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Usually diagnosed in children and young adults. The pancreas does not produce any insulin, this condition will continue throughout a person's life. It is managed with daily injections of insulin or an insulin pump and a special diet. Regular blood glucose testing must be done.
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Type 2 diabetes
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The most common form, either the body does not produce enough insulin or the body fails to properly use insulin. Usually develops slowly and is the milder form of diabetes.
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Insulin resistance
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The body does not produce enough insulin or fails to properly use it.
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Pre-diabetes
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Occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are above normal but not high enough for a diagnosis.
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Gestational diabetes
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Pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high blood sugar levels during pregnancy.
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Reproductive system
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Made up of the reproductive organs, different in men than in women. It allows human beings to reproduce.
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Reproduce
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Create new human life.
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Gonads
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Sex cells formed in the male and female sex glands, these glands are called?
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Vaginitis
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An infection of the vagina. May be caused by bacteria, protozoa, or fungus, as well as hormonal changes after menopause.
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Benign prostatic hypertrophy BPH
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A disorder that occurs in men as they age, prostate becomes enlarged and causes pressure on the urethra. This pressure leads to frequent urination, dribbling of urine, and difficulty in starting the flow of urine. Urinary retention may also occur
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Immune system
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Protect the body from disease causing bacteria, viruses, and organisms in two ways, non-specific and specific.
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Nonspecific immunity
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Protect the body from disease in general.
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Specific immunity
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Protect against a particular disease that is invading the body at a given time.
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Lymphatic system
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Removes excess fluids from waste products from the body's tissues. Helps the immune system fight infection and is closely related to both the immune and circulatory systems. Consists of lymph vessels and lymph capillaries in which a fluid called lymph circulates.
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Lymph
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The clear, yellowish fluid that carries disease fighting cells called lymphocytes.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV
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Attacks the body system and gradually weekens and disables it. AIDS is the final stage of this infection. It is a sexually transmitted disease spread through the blood, from infected needles, or to a fetus from its mother.
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS
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A disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV. The final stage of HIV infection. It can take years for HIV to develop into this.
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Cancer
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The general term used to describe a disease in which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way. It usually occurs in the form of a tumor or tumors growing on or within the body. It invades local tissue and can spread to other parts of the body.
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Tumor
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A group of abnormally growing cells. Can be classified as benign and malignant.
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Benign tumors
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Considered non cancerous and usually grow in local areas.
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Malignant tumors
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Cancerous, can grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues.
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