Are You Serious Chapter 4

Front 1

What characteristic makes it possible for plants to grow in inorganic environments

Back 1

Them being heterotrophs

Front 2

heterotroph

Back 2

is anorganism that cannot fix carbonand uses organiccarbon for

Front 3

What are the two ways in which plant nutrition is treated

Back 3

1) Organic Nutrition

2) Inorganic Nutrition

Front 4

What drove research in plant mineral nutrition

Back 4

A need to increase crop productivity to feed growing populations

Front 5

Name some of the early researchers

Back 5

N.T. de Saussure

C.S Sprengel

J. Sachs

J.B Lawes and J.H Gilbert

Front 6

What was an important milestone for mineral nutrition

Back 6

The developement of superphosphate as a furtilizer

Front 7

Superphosphate

Back 7

a soluble mixture of phosphates used as fertilizer and made from insoluble mineral phosphates by treatment with sulfuric acid

Front 8

Hydroponic

Back 8

growing plants in a defined nutrient solution

Front 9

Who developed the first nutrient solution

Back 9

Sachs

Front 10

Which nutrients were included in Sachs first nutrient solution

Back 10

Many but not all of the plants essential nutrients this includes K,N,P,Ca,S,Na,Cl, Fe and Mg

Front 11

Who is responsibe or creating the more balanced nutrient solution

Back 11

Hoaglund and they are termed hoaglund's solutio

Front 12

Term given to a hoaglund solution that has been changed

Back 12

modified Hoaglund's solution

Front 13

Compare the modified Hoaglund solution's nutrient content to that of the soil

Back 13

The Hoaglund's solution provides nutrients in higher concentration

Front 14

What are the mineral nutrition in a modified Hoaglund's solution

Back 14

Front 15

What is the mineral nutrition of a Hoaglund's solution

Back 15

Front 16

What are the three necessities for the solution method to work

Back 16

1) The solution must be aerated to prevent anoxia

2) Light needs to be excluded from solution to prevent the growth of algae

3)The plant must be supported so it ill grow

Front 17

Anoxia

Back 17

The term anoxia means a total depletion in the level of oxygen, an extreme form of hypoxia or "low oxygen"

Front 18

What are the drawbacks to using hydroponic solutions

Back 18

1) Depletion Zones can develop unless the solution is mixed

2) In order to maintain nutrient levels the hydroponic solution has to be replenished

Front 19

What are the 4 ways to replenish a hydroponic solution

Back 19

1) Slop culture

2) Drip culture

3) Subirrigation

4) A nutrient film technique.

Front 20

Slop Culture

Back 20

Plants are watered by daily application of fresh nutrient solution from the top of the medium

Front 21

Drip culture

Back 21

Plants are watered by slowly dripping onto the culture from a reservoir

Front 22

Subirrigation

Back 22

The nutrient solution is alternately pumped into the culture from below and then allowed to drain out. This fill-and-empty process is repeated on a regular basis and serves both to replenish the nutrient solution and to aerate the roots.

Front 23

Nutrient Films

Back 23

which the roots are continuously bathed with a thin film of recirculating nutrient solution (Figure 4.2). The advantage of the nutrient film technique is that it not only provides for good aeration of the roots and nutrient uptake; it also allows the pH and nutrient content of the solution to be continuously monitored and adjusted.

Front 24

Three stipulations for the essential nutrient category

Back 24

1) Must be provided to plants in order for it to complete its life cycle

2) Are part of some essential plant constituent of metabolite

3) The nutrient must be involved in an essential biological process

Front 25

How man nutrients meet the essential nutrient requirement

Back 25

17

Front 26

What are the two catogories of essential nuterients

Back 26

1) Macronutrient

2) Micronutrient ( trace elements)

Front 27

Macronurients

Back 27

are found in concentrations in >10 mmole kg-1 DW

Front 28

Micronutrients

Back 28

trace elements, are found in concentrations in <10 mmole kg-1 DW.

Front 29

How mamy macronutrients are there

Back 29

9

Front 30

What are the essential macronutrients

Back 30

1) Hydrogen

2) Carbon

3) Oxygen

4)Nitrogen

5)Postassium

6) Calcium

7) Magnesium

8)Phosphorus

9)Sulfur

Front 31

How many micronutrients are there?

Back 31

8

Front 32

What are the micronutrients

Back 32

1) Chlorine

2) Boron

3) Iron

4) Manganese

5)Zinc

6) Copper

7) Nickel

8)Molybenum

Front 33

How to determine the essentiality of a mineral nutrient

Back 33

Using a high purity reagent and extremely clean materials to prevnt samm alounts of nutrients from contaminating the experiment

Front 34

Beneficial nutrients

Back 34

Nutrients that are not universally required by plants but may promote plant growth and developement if present

Front 35

What are the four Beneficial elements

Back 35

1) Sodium

2) Silicon

3) Cobalt

4) Selenium

Front 36

What plants require Sodium most signifantly

Back 36

C4 plants

Front 37

Function of Silicon

Back 37

Increases the rigidity and elasticity of cel lwalls and te resistance to lodging

Front 38

What type of plants require Cobalt

Back 38

Legumes

Front 39

Selenium

Back 39

This nutrient is accumulated in high concentration by some plants

Front 40

Critical concnetration

Back 40

the concentration of a nutrient in the plant tissue just below that which provides for maximum growth

Front 41

adequate amount

Back 41

Tissue concnetrations above critical concentration

Front 42

Toxic

Back 42

Concnetrations in excess of the critical concentration

Front 43

Deficient

Back 43

Concentrations below the critical concentration

Front 44

Nutrient functions and defeciency graph

Back 44

Front 45

What are the two types of visual symptoms defecient plants portray

Back 45

1) Chlorosis

2) Necrosis

Front 46

Chlorosis

Back 46

The loss of chlorophyll pigment

Front 47

Necrosis

Back 47

The death of cells and tissues

Front 48

What is responsibe for the loctation of the deficiency symptoms in a plant

Back 48

THe mobility of the nutrient in the phloem

Front 49

How do plants require nitrogen

Back 49

In the form of ammonium or nitrate

Front 50

What is nitrogen required for

Back 50

The synthesis of macromolecules such as amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids

Front 51

What is nitrogen responsible for

Back 51

The stimulation of shoot growth; more so than root growth

Front 52

What are the 2 symptoms of nitrogen deficiency

Back 52

1) Chlorosis of the older leaves first, and then the younger leaves

2) An accumulation of anthocyanin pigments

Front 53

What form is phosphorus aquired in

Back 53

phosphate and sometimes it converts organic forms to inorganic forms to get phosphate

Front 54

Where are phosphates found

Back 54

in the sugar phosphates involved in metabolism

Front 55

What is the use of phosphates

Back 55

It's a structual component of nucleic acids and as a component of ATP

Front 56

What are phosphorus deficiency symptoms

Back 56

1) Over greening of the leaves

2) Accumulation of anthocyanins

3) Malformation of leaves and necrosis

4) Symptoms in the older leaves initially

Front 57

What is the role of potassium

Back 57

it is the primary osmolyte in plants used for water relations

Front 58

What is potassium used for

Back 58

Activates or is a cofacto for a wide range of enzymes, including those in photosynthesis and respiration

Front 59

What are the 2 potassium deficiency symptoms

Back 59

1) Chlorosis and mottling in older leaves

2) Necrosis, especially in grasses

Front 60

What form of sulfur is taken up by plants

Back 60

Sulfate

Front 61

What are the sulfur defecincies

Back 61

They are rare but include

1) Generalized chlorosis

2) Symptoms primarily in the young leaves.

Front 62

What are the biological roles of sulfur

Back 62

1) Disulfide bonds in proteins

2) VItamins and coenzymes

3) Iron sulfur proteins in electron transport

4) Secondary compounds such as the thiocynates and isothiocynates

Front 63

In which form is calcium taken up

Back 63

Ca2+

Front 64

What are the 4 roles of calcium

Back 64

1) a secondary messenger

2) Used in mitosis and the spindle fibres

3) The structure of the cell wall

4) The integrity of the cell membrane

Front 65

Calcium deficiency symptoms

Back 65

1) this usually occurs in young leaves

2) Young leaves are deformed and necrotic

Front 66

Why is the meristematic region in plants affected

Back 66

Because of the importance of calcium to mitosis

Front 67

In hydroponic solution which organ does calcium deficiency affect?

Back 67

The roots

Front 68

In which form is Magnesium taken up as?

Back 68

Mg2+

Front 69

What are the 4 biological roles for magnesium

Back 69

1) Serving as the cofactor for chlorophyll

2) Stabilizing ribosome structure

3) Activation of several enzymes, including those in photosynthesis

4) Serving as a cofcator in ATP-mediated reactions.

Front 70

What is the magnesium deficiency symtpoms

Back 70

1) Chlorosis particularly in leaf veins

2) Most pronounced in older leaves

Front 71

In what form is iron taken up as

Back 71

Fe2+ or Fe3+

Front 72

What are the uses of iron

Back 72

1) Cholorphyll syntehsis

2) Iron sulfur protein in electron transport

3) Nitrogen fixation in legumes

4) Redox enzymes

Front 73

Why do plants experience iron deficiency

Back 73

Because iron can have a limited solubity in soil.

Front 74

How to minimize iron deficiency

Back 74

if it is chelated form such as ethylenediamineteraacetic acid (EDTA)

Front 75

chelated

Back 75

To combine a metal ion with a chemical compound to form a ring.

Front 76

What is the 3 stage mechanism plants have to acquire Iron

Back 76

1) Portons are released to acidify the soil

2) Ligands like caffeic acid are released

3) Enzymes are released

Front 77

Which enzyme do non grasses secrete

Back 77

Ferric reductase ( enzyme) is used to reduce soubilized Fe3+ to Fe2+ for uptake

Front 78

What enzymes do grasses secrete

Back 78

Grasses secrete phtosiderophores to solublize and take up Fe3+

Front 79

In what form is boron used by plants

Back 79

as the neutral chemical species H3BO3

Front 80

What are the three roles of boron

Back 80

1) Contributes to cell wall structure

2) Potential roles in carbohydrate metabolism

3) Potential roles in cell division and elongation

Front 81

What are the 4 deficiency symptoms of Boron

Back 81

1) Decreased root elongation

2) Decreased cell division

3) Distorted roots, including a stubby, bushy appearance or cork-screw roots

4) Shortened internodes.

Front 82

In which form is copper present in the soil

Back 82

Cu2+ and Cu+

Front 83

What are the 2 roles of copper

Back 83

1) a cofactor for various oxidative enzymes such as superoxide and dismutase

2)component of electron carriers in the chloroplast and mitochondrion

Front 84

What are the symptoms of copper deficiency

Back 84

1) Stunted growth

2) DIstortion of young leaves

Front 85

In which types of soil is copper deficiency more prominent

Back 85

In soils with high organic matter because copper bins strongly to organic matter

Front 86

In what form is zinc taken up

Back 86

As Zn2+

Front 87

What is the purpose of zinc

Back 87

1) An activator for 2 enzymes

2) involved in auxin metabolism with respect to tryptophan synthesis.

Front 88

What are the 2 enzymes zinc actiates

Back 88

1) Alcohol dehydrogenase

2) Carbonic anhydrase

Front 89

What are the three symptoms of zinc deficiency

Back 89

1) Chlorosis

2) Shortened internodes

3) Smaller leaves

Front 90

In what form is manganese taken up by the plant

Back 90

Mn2+

Front 91

What is the purpose of manganese

Back 91

1) Cofactor for enzymes

2) Can substitute for magnesium in ATP-mediated reactions

3) critical for magnoprotein which is involved in oxygen evolution during photosynthesis

Front 92

What are the two enzymes manganese works on

Back 92

1) Dehydrogenase

2)Decarboxylase

Front 93

What are dehydrogenase and decarboxylase used in

Back 93

respiratory carbon cycle

Front 94

What are the manganese deficiency symptoms

Back 94

1) Gray speck in cereal grains

2)Chlorosis

3) DIscoloration and deformities in legume seeds

Front 95

What form of Molybdneum is absorbed

Back 95

MoO42-

Front 96

What are the uses of MoO42-

Back 96

1) Required for enzymes

Front 97

What to enzymes is molybdenum used for

Back 97

1) dinitrogenase

2)nitrate reductase

Front 98

What are the defeciency symptoms of Molybdenum

Back 98

1) Chlorosis and necrsosis

2) Whiptail, the deformation of young leaves

Front 99

When is chlorine deficient

Back 99

It's rare and usually only occurs in lab experiments

Front 100

What are the 2 functions of chlorine

Back 100

1)Chloride is a coutnerion for water relations and charge balance

2) CHloride is also required for cell division and photosnthesis

Front 101

What form of chlorine is absorbed

Back 101

Cl-

Front 102

What are the functions of nickel

Back 102

1) required in nitrogen metabolisms particularly in legumes

Front 103

Which 2 enzymes is nickel useful for

Back 103

1) Urease

2) Hydrogenase

Front 104

Urease

Back 104

invovled in the metabolism of the ureides formed by legumes after nitrogen fixation

Front 105

Hydrogenase

Back 105

Hydrogenase is responsible for recovering hydrogen for use in the nitrogen-fixing process

Front 106

Critical toxicity level

Back 106

a level for each micronutrient above which the essential nutrients become toxic

Front 107

What are the two toxicity symtpoms

Back 107

1) Chlorosis

2) Inhibition of root growth