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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensation |
Senses receiving information from the environment and sending it to our brain |
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Perception |
Selecting: what you want to look at and ignoring the rest Organizing: understanding and making sense of what the thing is Interpreting: using knowledge to make sense of it |
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Overview of Sensory System: 1 |
Accessory structure modifies energy |
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Overview of Sensory System: 2 |
Receptor transduce energy into a nerve response... transduction converts energy to action potential -(transduction sounds like translation) |
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Overview of Sensory System: 3 |
Sensory nerves transfer the coded activity to the central nervous system |
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Overview of Sensory System: 4 |
Thalamus processes and relay the nerve response |
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Overview of Sensory System: 5 |
Cerebral cortex receives input and produces the sensation and perception |
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Properties of Light: Amplitude |
Measures the height of waves from the base line Brightness |
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Properties of Light: Wavelength |
The distance between two beats Hue (color) |
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Properties of Light: Purity |
Saturation (vividness) ex. with audition the waves coming from a guitar and violin, even if playing same duration and volume can be told apart |
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Structure of the Eye: Cornea |
-Out most region of the eye -Protects the eye -First step in focusing light rays to the back of the eye |
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Structure of the Eye: Pupil |
Iris (muscles that regulate pupil dilation) regulate how much light enters the eye |
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Structure of the Eye: Lens |
Accommodation, major area for focusing light onto the retina, refers to the lens ability to change shape allowing it to get on the retina |
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Structure of the Eye: Retina |
-Where the receptors that convert light into action potential are - fovea (where you see things in detail) |
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Structure of the Eye: Optic Disk and Blind Spot |
The one sport where there's no receptors |
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Problems with Vision: Nearsightedness (Myopia) |
-Image is focused in front of the retina -Too long in front of the retina -M=Myopia M=closer to me, far is blurry |
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Problems with Vision: Farsightedness (Hyperopia) |
-Image focused behind retina -too short -can't see things close |
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Problems with Vision: Presbyopia |
Decreased accommodation of the lens Happens with age |
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Details of the Retina |
-The photo-receptor layer that's the layer where transduction occurs -Releases a substance called photo pigment -Ganglion cell layer meet at optic disk and that's how it gets to the nervous system |
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Rods |
-12 million -Night vision (high sensitivity to light) -Black and white -Low resolution (acuity) |
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Cones |
-6 million -Day vision (low sensitivity to light) -C=cones C=color -High resolution (acuity) |
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Cones Dark Adaptation |
-Adapts in 8-10 minute range -Needs a lot of light to be stimulated |
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Rod Dark Adaption |
-Adapts 20-25 minutes to fully adapt -Very little light to be stimulated -Can detect a single photon of light 30 miles away |
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Convergence: |
Convergence of one million ganglion cells |
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Differential Responding in Visual Pathway: Rods and Cones |
Respond to absolute levels of light |
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Differential Responding in Visual Pathway: Ganglion Cells |
Respond and change in light, edges, boundaries, and contours |
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Differential Responding in Visual Pathway: Cortex |
Feature detectors, special cells that respond to very specific stimuli |
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Optic Nerve-->Optic Chiasm-->Lateral Geniculate nucleus-->Visual Cortex |
-80%-90% of what we see passes through this path |
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Optic Nerve-->Optic Chiasm-->Superior Colliculas |
-10%-20% of what we see passes through this path |
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After Visual Cortex: Dorsal Stream |
-"Where" -Objects location relative to other objects |
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After Visual Cortex: Ventral Stream |
-"What" -Object recognition |
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Visual Problems: Visual Agnosia |
Can't recognize objects by sight alone |
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Visual Problems: Prosopagnosia |
Can't recognize faces but can recognize other objects |
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Visual Problems: Akinetopsia |
Can't process motion
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Visual Problems: Achromatopsia |
A world without color |
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"Rule of 3" |
Varying intensity of 3 wavelengths (colors) allows us to see millions of colors |
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Primary Color |
A pure color, not made from another color -Red,blue,green |
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Color Afterimages |
-Sensation you experience after a stimulus has been presented -Green and red, Yellow and Blue, Black and White |
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Trichromatic Theory (color theory) |
-3 sets of cones in the retina -Sensitive to blue,green, and red -Explains "Rule of 3" and colorblindness |
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Opponent-Process Theory (color vision) |
-Color sensitive pairs * red or green, blue or yellow, black or white -Explains yellow -Explains afterimages -Yellow=R+G |
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Recognition: Bottom-Up Processing |
-Processing starts at receptors and works up to the higher brain regions |
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Recognition: Top-Down Processing |
-Reliance on knowledge (especially when sensory information is vague or ambiguous) -Includes motivation, context, and expectation |
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Principals of Organization:Gestalt Grouping: Proximity |
Objects that are close together group together |
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Principals of Organization:Gestalt Grouping: Similarity |
We group objects based on their characteristics - how much they resemble one another |
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Principals of Organization:Gestalt Grouping: Continuity |
Lines look continuous rather than changing direction radically |
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Principals of Organization:Gestalt Grouping: Closure |
Seeing objects as complete, even when they have gaps |
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Principals of Organization:Gestalt Grouping: Common Region |
Objects enclosed in a boundary tend to be group together
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Principals of Organization:Gestalt Grouping: Connectedness |
Objects look grouped if joined by other elements |
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Depth Perception: Monocular Cues (pictorial): Relative Size |
If you have two objects, the one that casts a bigger image on the retina is perceived to be closer |
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Depth Perception: Monocular Cues (pictorial): Height in Plane |
Images that are higher in a picture are seen as being further away |
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Depth Perception: Monocular Cues (pictorial): Interposition |
Closer objects block view of further objects |
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Depth Perception: Monocular Cues (pictorial): Clairty |
Objects appear less clear with distance |
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Depth Perception: Monocular Cues (pictorial): Textual Gradient |
You can see detail when something is close, but the same texture seems a lot more fine with increasing distance |
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Depth Perception: Monocular Cues (motion parallax): |
When driving the objects closer to you move fast and the objects further away hardly move at all |
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Depth Perception: Binocular Cues: Convergence |
-Looking far, eyes are parallel -As object get closer your eyes naturally converge |
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Depth Perception: Binocular Cues: Retinal Disparity |
Each eye has a different view, it's not noticeable until something is close and there's a large disparity |
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Perceptual Constancy |
Objects maintain size,shape, and color despite changes in their retinal image |
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Perceptual Constancy: Size Constancy |
-Perceived image - When objects get closer -Seize of retinal image (bottom-up) perceived distance (top-down) (size of retinal image)*(perceived distance) |
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Perceptual Constancy: Perceived size remains constant |
Various cues are often used to infer perceived distance -implication -if the cues disappears the size constancy breaks down -we make judgments about depths based on other cues we do see -we're prone to making illusions |
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Breakdown of Perceptual Constancy&Driving: Driving in dim light conditions |
-Smaller car= smaller image on retina (relative to a bigger car at the same distance) -Easy to overestimate distance to smaller car resulting in a car crash |
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Breakdown of Perceptual Constancy&Driving: Aviation |
-Judging speed and angle to approach runway -Instrument panels and displays -Visual and auditory signals for clear communication |
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Sensory Interactions: Vision and Hearing |
Hearing influences vision |
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Sensory Interactions: McGurk Effect |
Vision influences hearing
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Sensory Interactions: Taste and Smell |
Colds, strong cheeses, and fruits |
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Synesthesia |
Unusual interaction between or within senses -"feeling" colors as touches |
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Psychophysics |
Study of relationships between properties of physical stimuli and perception |
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Absolute Thresholds |
-What is the weakest stimulus that can be detected? How sensitive is a particular sense? -Level of stimulation that individuals can detect 50% of the time |
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Why Absolute Thresholds Vary |
-Sensitivity -Internal noise -Changes in attention -Subjectivity of response criterion: either think you see vs being very sure |
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Difference Threshold |
How different do two stimuli have to be for the difference to be detected |
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Just Noticeable Difference (JND) |
Minimum detectable difference between two stimuli |
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Weber's Law |
Formula that describes relationship between JND and standard JND=Constant*Intensity of Standard |
