Chapter 4

Front 1

plasma membrane (PLAZ-ma)

Back 1

outer layer of the cell, composed mainly of lipids and proteins - encloses the cell contents; regulates what enters and leaves the cell; participates in many activities, such as growth, reproduction, and interactions between cells

Front 2

microvilli (mī-krō-VIL-ī)

Back 2

short extensions of the cell membrane - absorb materials into the cell

Front 3

nucleus (NŪ-klē-us)

Back 3

large, dark-staining organelle near the center of the cell, composed of DNA and proteins - contains the chromosomes, the hereditary units that direct all cellular activities

Front 4

nucleolus (nū-KLĒ-ō-lus)

Back 4

small body in the nucleus; composed of RNA, DNA, and protein - makes ribosomes

Front 5

cytoplasm (SĪ-tō-plazm)

Back 5

colloidal suspension that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane - site of many cellular activities. Consists of cytosol and organelles

Front 6

cytosol (SĪ-tō-sol)

Back 6

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm - surrounds the organelles

Front 7

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (en-dō-PLAZ-mik re-TIK-ū-lum)

Back 7

network of membranes within the cytoplasm. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it; smooth ER does not. - rough ER sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compounds. Smooth ER is involved with lipid synthesis.

Front 8

Ribosomes (RĪ-bō-sōmz)

Back 8

small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER, composed of RNA and protein - manufacture proteins

Front 9

Mitochondria (mī-tō-KON-drē-a)

Back 9

large organelles with folded membranes inside - convert energy from nutrients into ATP

Front 10

Golgi apparatus (GŌL-jē)

Back 10

layers of membranes - makes compounds containing proteins, sorts and prepares these compounds for transport to other parts of the cell or out of the cell

Front 11

Lysosomes (LĪ-sō-sōmz)

Back 11

small sacs of digestive enzymes - digest substances within the cell

Front 12

Peroxisomes (per-OKS-i-sōmz)

Back 12

membrane-enclosed organelles containing Enzymes - break down harmful substances

Front 13

Vesicles (VES-i-klz)

Back 13

small membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm - store materials and move materials into or out of the cell in bulk

Front 14

Centrioles (SEN-trē-ōlz)

Back 14

rod-shaped bodies (usually two) near the Nucleus - help separate the chromosomes during cell division

Front 15

surface projections

Back 15

structures that extend from the cell - move the cell or the fluids around the cell

Front 16

cilia (SIL-ē-a)

Back 16

short, hair-like projections from the cell - move the fluids around the cell

Front 17

flagellum (fla-JEL-um)

Back 17

long, whip-like extension from the cell - moves the cell

Front 18

ATP

Back 18

The energy compound of the cell that stores energy needed for cell activities; adenosine triphosphate (a-DEN-ō-sēn trī-FOS-fāt)

Front 19

Carbohydrate (kar-bō-HĪ-drāt)

Back 19

The category of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches

Front 20

Cell (sel)

Back 20

The basic structural and functional unit of the living organism, a microscopic unit that combines with other cells to form tissues (root: cyt/o)

Front 21

Chromosome (KRŌ-mō-sōm)

Back 21

A thread-like body in a cell’s nucleus that contains genetic information

Front 22

Cytology (sī-TOL-ō-jē)

Back 22

Study of cells

Front 23

Cytoplasm (SĪ-tō-plazm)

Back 23

The fluid that fills a cell and holds the organelles

Front 24

DNA

Back 24

The genetic compound of the cell, makes up the genes; deoxyribonucleic (dē-ok-sē-rī-bōnū- KLĒ-ik) acid

Front 25

Enzyme (EN-zīm)

Back 25

An organic substance that speeds the rate of a metabolic reaction

Front 26

Gene (jēn)

Back 26

A hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes to form the chromosomes

Front 27

Glucose (GLŪ-kōs)

Back 27

A simple sugar that circulates in the blood, the main energy source for metabolism (roots: gluc/o, glyc/o)

Front 28

Histology (his-TOL-ō-jē)

Back 28

Study of tissues

Front 29

Homeostasis (hō-mē-ō-STĀ-sis)

Back 29

A steady state, a condition of internal stability and constancy

Front 30

Lipid (LIP-id)

Back 30

A category of organic compounds that includes fats (root: lip/o)

Front 31

Membrane (MEM-brān)

Back 31

A simple, very thin, and pliable sheet of tissue that might cover an organ, line a cavity, or separate structures

Front 32

Metabolism (me-TA-bō-lizm)

Back 32

The sum of all the physical and chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Front 33

Mitosis (mī-TŌ-sis)

Back 33

Cell division

Front 34

Mucus (MŪ-kus)

Back 34

A thick fluid secreted by cells in membranes and glands that lubricates and protects tissues (roots: muc/o, myx/o); the adjective is mucous.

Front 35

Nucleus (NŪ-klē-us)

Back 35

The cell’s control center; directs all cellular activities based on the information contained in its chromosomes (roots: nucle/o, kary/o)

Front 36

Organ (OR-gan)

Back 36

A part of the body with a specific function, a component of a body system

Front 37

Organelle (OR-ga-nel)

Back 37

A specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell

Front 38

Protein (PRŌ-tēn)

Back 38

A category of organic compounds that includes structural materials, enzymes, and some hormones

Front 39

RNA

Back 39

An organic compound involved in the manufacture of proteins within cells; ribonucleic (rī-bō-nū-KLĒ-ik) acid

Front 40

Tissue (TISH-ū)

Back 40

A group of cells that acts together for a specific purpose (roots: hist/o, histi/o)

Front 41

morph/o

Back 41

form – polymorphous (pol-e--MOR-fus) - having many forms

Front 42

cyt/o, -cyte

Back 42

cell – cytologist (sī-TOL-o—jist) - one who studies cells

Front 43

nucle/o

Back 43

nucleus – nuclear (NŪ-kle—ar) - pertaining to a nucleus

Front 44

kary/o

Back 44

nucleus – karyotype (KAR-e--o—tīp) - picture of a cell’s chromosomes organized according to size

Front 45

hist/o, histi/o

Back 45

tissue – histocompatibility (his-to--kom-pat-i-BIL-i-te) – tissue similarity that permits transplantation

Front 46

fibr/o

Back 46

fiber – fibrosis (fī-BRO—sis) - abnormal formation of fibrous tissue

Front 47

reticul/o

Back 47

network - reticulum (re-TIK-u—lum) - a network

Front 48

aden/o

Back 48

gland – adenoma (ad-e-NO—ma) - tumor (-oma) of a gland

Front 49

papill/o

Back 49

nipple – papilla (pa-PIL-a) - projection that resembles a nipple

Front 50

myx/o

Back 50

mucus – myxadenitis (miks-ad-e-NI—tis) inflammation (-itis) of a mucussecreting gland

Front 51

muc/o

Back 51

mucus, mucous membrane – mucorrhea (mu--ko--RE—a) - increased flow (-rhea) of mucus

Front 52

somat/o, -some

Back 52

body, small body – chromosome (KRO--mo--so-m) - small body that takes up color (dye) (chrom/o)

Front 53

blast/o, -blast

Back 53

immature cell, productive cell, embryonic cell – histioblast (HIS-te--o—blast) - a tissue-forming cell

Front 54

gen

Back 54

origin, formation – karyogenesis (kar-e--o--JEN-e-sis) - formation of a nucleus

Front 55

phag/o

Back 55

eat, ingest – autophagy (aw-TOF-a-je) – self (auto)-destruction of a cell’s organelles

Front 56

phil

Back 56

attract, absorb – basophilic (ba--so--FIL-ik) - attracting basic stain

Front 57

plas

Back 57

formation, molding, development – hyperplasia (hī-per-PLA--ze—a) - overdevelopment of an organ or tissue

Front 58

trop

Back 58

act on, affect – chronotropic (kron-o-TROP-ik) - affecting rate or timing (chron/o)

Front 59

troph/o

Back 59

feeding, growth, nourishment – atrophy (A-tro - -fē) - tissue wasting

Front 60

-ase

Back 60

enzyme – lipase (LĪ-pa-s) - enzyme that digests fat (lipid)

Front 61

-ose

Back 61

sugar – lactose (LAK-to-s) - milk sugar

Front 62

hydr/o

Back 62

water, fluid – hydration (hī-DRA—shun) - addition of water, relative amount of water present

Front 63

gluc/o

Back 63

glucose – glucogenesis (glu--ko--JEN-e-sis) - production of glucose

Front 64

glyc/o

Back 64

sugar, glucose – normoglycemia (nor-mo--glī-SE--me—a) - normal blood sugar level

Front 65

sacchar/o

Back 65

sugar – polysaccharide (pol-e--SAK-a-rīd) - compound containing many simple sugars

Front 66

amyl/o

Back 66

starch – amyloid (AM-i-loyd) - resembling starch

Front 67

lip/o

Back 67

lipid, fat – lipophilic (lip-o--FIL-ik) - attracting or absorbing lipids

Front 68

adip/o

Back 68

fat – adiposuria (ad-i-po--SU-R-e—a) - presence of fat in the urine (ur/o)

Front 69

steat/o

Back 69

fatty – steatorrhea (ste--a-to--RE—a) - discharge (-rhea) of fatty stools

Front 70

prote/o

Back 70

protein – protease (PRO--te--a-s) - enzyme that digests protein

Front 71

amino acids (a-MĒ-nō)

Back 71

The nitrogen-containing compounds that make up proteins

Front 72

anabolism (a-NAB-ō-lizm)

Back 72

The type of metabolism in which body substances are made; the building phase of metabolism

Front 73

catabolism (ka-TAB-ō-lizm)

Back 73

The type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy and simple compounds

Front 74

collagen (KOL-a-jen)

Back 74

A fibrous protein found in connective tissue

Front 75

cortex (KOR-tex)

Back 75

The outer region of an organ

Front 76

glycogen (GLĪ-kō-jen)

Back 76

A complex sugar compound stored in liver and muscles and broken down into glucose when needed for energy

Front 77

interstitial (in-ter-STISH-al)

Back 77

Between parts, such as the spaces between cells in a tissue

Front 78

medulla (me-DUL-la)

Back 78

The inner region of an organ, marrow (root: medull/o)

Front 79

parenchyma (par-EN-ki-ma)

Back 79

The functional tissue of an organ

Front 80

parietal (pa-RĪ-e-tal)

Back 80

Pertaining to a wall, describes a membrane that lines a body cavity

Front 81

soma (SŌ-ma)

Back 81

The body

Front 82

stem cell

Back 82

An immature cell that has the capacity to develop into any of a variety of different cell types, a precursor cell

Front 83

visceral (VIS-er-al)

Back 83

Pertaining to the internal organs, describes a membrane on the surface of an organ