Chapter 4, 5, 6, & 7

Front 1

Custom

Back 1

the frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act

Front 2

Folk culture

Back 2

culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

Front 3

Habit

Back 3

repetitive act performed by a particular individual

Front 4

Popular culture

Back 4

culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

Front 5

Taboo

Back 5

a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom

Front 6

Terroir

Back 6

contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

Front 7

British Received Pronunciatio

Back 7

the dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom

Front 8

Creole or creolized language

Back 8

a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

Front 9

Denglish

Back 9

combination of German and English

Front 10

Dialect

Back 10

a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

Front 11

Ebonics

Back 11

dialect spoken by some African Americans

Front 12

Extinct language

Back 12

a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used

Front 13

Franglais

Back 13

term used by the French and English words that have entered the French Language; a combination of francias and anglais, the French words for "French" and "English" respectively

Front 14

Ideograms

Back 14

system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English

Front 15

Isogloss

Back 15

a boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

Front 16

Isolated language

Back 16

a language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family

Front 17

Language

Back 17

a system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning

Front 18

Language branch

Back 18

collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family

Front 19

Language family

Back 19

collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history

Front 20

Language group

Back 20

collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary

Front 21

Lingua franca

Back 21

language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Front 22

Literary tradtion

Back 22

a language that is written as well as spoken

Front 23

Official language

Back 23

language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents

Front 24

Pidgin language

Back 24

form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages

Front 25

Spanglish

Back 25

combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic Americans

Front 26

Standard language

Back 26

form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications

Front 27

Vulgar Latin

Back 27

a form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents

Front 28

Animism

Back 28

belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes have a discrete spirit and conscious life

Front 29

Autonomous religion

Back 29

religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally

Front 30

Branch

Back 30

a large and fundamental division within a religion

Front 31

Caste

Back 31

the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law

Front 32

Cosmogony

Back 32

a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe

Front 33

Denomination

Back 33

a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body

Front 34

Ethnic religion

Back 34

a religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated

Front 35

Fundamentalism

Back 35

literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion

Front 36

Ghetto

Back 36

during Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by Jews, now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure

Front 37

Hierarchical religion

Back 37

religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

Front 38

Missionary

Back 38

an individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion

Front 39

Monotheism

Back 39

the doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god

Front 40

Pagan

Back 40

a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times

Front 41

Pilgrimage

Back 41

a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes

Front 42

Polytheism

Back 42

belief in or worship of more than one god

Front 43

Sect

Back 43

a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

Front 44

Solstice

Back 44

astronomical event that happens twice each year, when the tilt of the Earth's axis is most inclined towards or away from the sun, causing the sun's apparent position in the sky to reach it most northernmost or southernmost extreme, and resulting in the shortest and longest days of the year

Front 45

Universalizing religion

Back 45

a religion that attempts to appeal to all people , not just to those living in a particular location

Front 46

Apartheid

Back 46

laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas

Front 47

Balkanization

Back 47

process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

Front 48

Balkanized

Back 48

descriptive of a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms towards each other

Front 49

Blockbusting

Back 49

a process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

Front 50

Centripetal force

Back 50

an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

Front 51

Ethnic cleansing

Back 51

process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Front 52

Ethnicity

Back 52

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural tradition

Front 53

Multiethnic state

Back 53

state that contains more than one ethnicity

Front 54

Multinational state

Back 54

state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distanct nationalites

Front 55

Nationalism

Back 55

loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

Front 56

Nationality

Back 56

identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there

Front 57

Nation-state

Back 57

a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Front 58

Race

Back 58

identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor

Front 59

Racism

Back 59

belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produces an inherent superiority of a particular race

Front 60

Racist

Back 60

a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism

Front 61

Self-determinaiton

Back 61

concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Front 62

Sharecropper

Back 62

a person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops

Front 63

Triangular slave trade

Back 63

a practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa