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315 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ankyl/o
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crooked or stiff
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arthr/o
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joint
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articul/o
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joint
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brachi
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arm
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cervic/o
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neck
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chondr/o
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cartilage
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crani/o
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skull
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cost/o
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rib
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fasci/o
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fascia (a band)
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femor/o
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femur
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kyph/o
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humped-back
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lord/o
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bent
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lei/o
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smooth
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lumb/o
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loin (lower back)
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myel/o
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bone marrow or spinal cord
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my/o
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muscle
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oste/o
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bone
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patell/o
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knee cap
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pelv/i
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hip bone or pelvic cavity
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pel/o
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hip bone or pelvic cavity
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radi/o
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radius
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rhabd/o
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rod shaped or striated (skeletal)
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sarc/o
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flesh
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scoli/o
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twisted
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spondyl/o
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vertebra
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stern/o
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sternum (breastbone)
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ten/o
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tendon (to stretch)
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thorac/o
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chest
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ton/o
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tone or tension
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uln/o
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ulna
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appendicular skeleton
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bones of shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
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axial skeleton
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bones of skull, vertebral column, chest, and yoid bone
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bone
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specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes forming the skeleton
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compact bone
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tightly solid, strong bone tissue resistant to bending
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spongy (cancellous) bone
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mesh-like bone tissue containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run
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long bones
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bones of arms and legs
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short bones
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bones of wrist and ankles
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flat bones
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bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
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irregular bones
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bones of vertebrae and face
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sesamoid bones
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round bones near joints (i.e. patella)
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epiphysis
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wide ends of a long bone
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diaphysis
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shaft of a long bone
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metaphysis
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growth zone btwn epiphysis and diaphysis during development of a long bone
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endosteum
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membrane lining medullary cavity of a bone
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bone marrow
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soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
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red bone marrow
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functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in cavities of most bones in infants and in flat bones in adults
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yellow bone marrow
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gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue, inactive in formation of blood cells
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periosteum
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a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
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articular cartilage
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a gristlelike substance on bones where they articulate
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articulation
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a joint; the point where two bones come together
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bursa
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a fibrous sac btwn certain tendons and bones, lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
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disk
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a flat, platelike substance composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found btwn vertebra to reduce friction
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mucleus puplosus
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soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disc
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ligament
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flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
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synovial membrane
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membrane lining capsule of a joint
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synovial fluid
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joint-lubricating fluid secreted by synovial membrane
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muscle
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tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of organ or part of body
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striated (skeletal) muscle
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voluntary muscle attached to skeleton
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smooth
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involuntary muscle found in internal organs
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origin of a muscle
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muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
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insertion of a muscle
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muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
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tendon
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band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
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fascia
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band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
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anatomical position
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erect, facing forward, feet ointed forward slightly apart, arms at sides, palms facing forwards
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body planes
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reference planes indication location or direction of body parts
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coronal plane
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frontal; vertical division of body into front (anterior) & back (posterior) portions
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sagittal plane
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vertical division of body into left and right
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transverse plane
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horizontal division of body into upper and lower portions
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anterior
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(ventral) front of the body
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posterior
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(dorsal) back of the body
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superior
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(cephalic) situated above another structure, toward the head
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inferior
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(caudal) situated below another structure, away from the head
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proximal
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toward beginning or origin of a structure
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distal
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away from beg. or origin of a structure
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medial
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toward the middle
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insertion of a muscle
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muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
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tendon
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band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
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fascia
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band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
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anatomical position
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erect, facing forward, feet ointed forward slightly apart, arms at sides, palms facing forwards
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body planes
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reference planes indication location or direction of body parts
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coronal plane
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frontal; vertical division of body into front (anterior) & back (posterior) portions
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sagittal plane
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vertical division of body into left and right
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transverse plane
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horizontal division of body into upper and lower portions
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anterior
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(ventral) front of the body
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posterior
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(dorsal) back of the body
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superior
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(cephalic) situated above another structure, toward the head
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inferior
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(caudal) situated below another structure, away from the head
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proximal
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toward beginning or origin of a structure
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distal
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away from beg. or origin of a structure
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medial
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toward the middle
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lateral
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toward the side
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axis
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line that runs through the center of the body or body part
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erect
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normal standing position
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decubitus
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lying down
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prone
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lying face down and flat
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recumbent
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lying down
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supine
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horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back ("on the spine")
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flexion
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bending joint so angle btwn bones decrease
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extension
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straightening at the joint so angle btwn bones increase
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eversion
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turning outward, i.e. a foot
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supination
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turning upward or forward of palmar surface or plantar surface
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pronation
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turning downward or backward of palmar surface or plantar surface
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dorsiflexion
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bending of foot or toes upward
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plantar flextion
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bending of sole of foot by curling toes toward ground
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range of motion
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ROM, total motion possible in a joint, described by terms related to body motion
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goniometer
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instrument used to measure joint angles
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crepitation
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crepitus; grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bones
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exostosis
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a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
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flaccid
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flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
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hypertrophy
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increase in size of a muscle
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hypotonia
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reduce muscle tension
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rigidity
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rigor; stiffness, stiff muscle
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spasm
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drawing in; involuntary contraction of a muscle
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spastic
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uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements
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tetany
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tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
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tremor
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shaking, rhythmic muscular movement
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ankylosis
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stiff joint condition
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osteoarthritis
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most common form of arthritis, esp. affecting weight-bearing joints characterized by erosion of articular cartilage
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rheumatoid arthritis
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most crippling form of arthritis, characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation most often affecting joingts & synovial membranes causing ankylosis & deformity
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gouty arthritis
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acute attacks of arthritis usu. in a single joint caused by hyperuricemia, exc. level of uric acid in blood
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bony necrosis
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bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply
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bunion
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swelling of the joint at base of great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
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chondromalacia
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softening of cartilage
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epiphysitis
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inflammation of epiphyseal regions of the long bone
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fracture
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broken or cracked bone
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closed fracture
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broken bone with no open wound
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open fracture
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compound fracture; broken bone with an oopen wound
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simple fracture
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a nondisplaced fracture w/ one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair
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comminuted fracture
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broken in many pieces
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fracture line
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the line of the break in a broken bone
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greenstick fracture
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bending and incomplete break of a bone - most often seen in children
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herniated disk
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protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disd so that the nucleu puposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
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myeloma
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bone marrow tumor
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myositis
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inflammation of muscle
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leiomyoma
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smooth muscle tumor
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rhabdomyosarcoma
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malignant skeletal muscle tumor
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muscular dystrophy
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a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles
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osteomalacia
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disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
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rickets
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osteomalacia in children (causes bone deformity)
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osteomyelitis
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infection of bone and bone marrow causing inflammation
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osteoporosis
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condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to more easily fracture
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kyphosis
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abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition)
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lordosis
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abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back)
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scoliosis
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abnormal lateral curvature (S-shaped curve)
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spondylolisthesis
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forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
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spondylosis
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stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae
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sprain
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injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but w/o joint dislocation or fracture
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subluxation
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a partial dislocation
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tendinitis
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inflammation of a tendon
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electromyogram
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a neurodiagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle at rest and during contraction --> used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders
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magnetic resonance imaging
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nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio frequency waves to visualize anatomic structures
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nuclear medicine imaging
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a diagnostic imaging technique using injected or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining size, shape, locatio, function of various body parts
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bone scan
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a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy
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radiography
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an imaging modality using x-rays to diagnose condition or impairment somewhere in body
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arthrogram
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a radiograph of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium
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computed tomography
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a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of corss-sectional x-ray images in a full circle rotation --> calculates rate of absorption & density
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sonography
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use of high frequency sound waves to make an image of tissues or structures
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arthrocentesis
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punction for aspiration of a joint
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arthrodesis
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binding or fusing of joint surfaces
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arthroplasty
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repair or reconstruction of a joint
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arthroscopy
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proceudre using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
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bone grafting
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transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair skeletal defect
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open reduction, internal fixation
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internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment & fixing them into place w/ devices such as plates, screws, and pins
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osteotomy
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an incision into bone
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spondylosyndesis
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spinal fusion
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tenotomy
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division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
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closed reduction, external fixation of a facture
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external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along w/ application of an external device to protect and hold bone in place while healing
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casting
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use of a stiff, solid dressing to immobolize
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splinting
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use of rigid device to immobolize
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traction
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application of a pulling force to a fracture bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position for healing
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closed reduction percutaneous fixation of a fracture
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external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain poisition
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orthosis
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use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support
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prostehsis
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artificial replacement for a missing body part, or a device used to improve a body function
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analgesic
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a drug that relieves pain
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narcotic
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a potent analgesic w/ addictive properties
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anti-inflammatory
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a drug that reduces inflammation
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antipyretic
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a drug that relieves fever
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nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
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group of drugs w/ analgesic, anti-inflammatory, & antipyretic properties commonly used to treat arthritis
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aort/o
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aorta
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arteri/o
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artery
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ather/o
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fatty (lipid) paste
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atri/o
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atrium
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coron/o
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circle or crown
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my/o
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muscle
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pector/o
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chest
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steth/o
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chest
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sphygm/o
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pulse
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thromb/o
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clot
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ven/o
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vein
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phleb/o
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vein
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varic/o
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swollen, twisted vein
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ventricul/o
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ventricle (belly or pouch)
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atrium
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upper right or left chamber of heart
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endocardium
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membrane lining cavities of the heart
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epicardium
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membrane forming outer layer of heart
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interatrial septum
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partition btwn right and left atrium
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interventricular septum
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partition btwn right and left ventricle
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myocardium
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heart muscle
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pericardium
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protective sac enclosing heart composed of 2 layers w/ fluid inbtwn
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mitral valve
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bicuspid; heart valve btwn left atrium & left ventricle
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aortic valve
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heart valve btwn left ventricle & aorta
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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heart valve opening from right ventricle to pulmonary artery
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tricuspid valve
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valve btwn right atrium & right ventricle
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valves of the veins
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valves located at intervals within lining of veins, esp. in legs which constrict w/ muscle action to move blood returning to heart
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arteries
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vessels that carry blood from heart to arterioles
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aorta
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large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from left ventricle
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arterioles
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small vessels that receive blood from arterioles
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capillaries
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tiny vessels that join arterioles & venules
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venules
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small vessels that gather blood from capillaries into veins
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veins
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vessels that carry blood to heart from venules
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systemic circulation
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circulation of blood throughout body through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen & nutrients to body tissues
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coronary circulation
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circulation of blood through coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen & nutrients to heart muscle tissue
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pulmonary circulation
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circulation of blood from pulmonary artery through vessel in lungs & back to heart via pulmonary vein, providing exchange of gases
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diastole
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to expand; period in cardiac cycle when blood enters relaxed ventricles from atria
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systole
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to contract; period in cardiac cycle when heart is in contraction & blood ejected through aorta & pulmonary artery
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normotension
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normal blood pressure
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hypotension
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low blood pressure
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arteriosclerosis
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thickening, loss of elasticity, & calcification of arterial walls
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atherosclerosis
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buildup of fatty substances that harden within walls of arteris
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atheromatous plaque
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a swollen area within lining of an artery caused by buildup of fat
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thrombus
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a stationary blood clot
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embolus
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a clot carried in bloodstream that obstructs when it loges
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stenosis
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condition of narrowing of a part
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constriction
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compression of a part
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occlusion
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plugging; obstruction or a closing off
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ischemia
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to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel
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perfusion deficit
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a lack of blood flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc.
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infarct
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to stuff; a localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel
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angina pectoris
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chest pain caused by temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle often caused by narrowing of coronary arteries
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aneurysm
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a widening; bulging of the wall of heart, aorta, or artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness
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saccular aneurysm
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a saclike bulge on one side
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fusiform aneurysm
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a spindle-shaped bulge
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dissecting aneurysm
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a split or tear of the vessel wall
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claudication
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to limp; pain in a limb while walker that subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply
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heart murmur
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an abnormal sound from heart produced by defects in chambers or valves
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palpitation
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subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbreak
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vegetation
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to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally a result of infection
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sinoatrial node
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pacemaker; highly specialized neurologic tissue impeded in wall of right atrium responsible for initiating electrical conduction of heartbeat, causing atria to contract & firing conduction of impulses to AV node
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atrioventricular node
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neurologic tissue in the center of the heart that receives & amplifies the conduction of impulses from SA node to bundle of His
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bundle of His
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neurologic fibers extending from AV node to right & left bundle branches that fire the impulse from AV node to Purkinje fibers
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Purkinje fibers
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fibers in ventricles that transmit impulses to right & left ventricles, causing them to contract
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polarization
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resting; resting state of a myocardial cell
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depolarization
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change of a myocardial cell from a polarized state to a state of contraction
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repolarization
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recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state
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normal sinus rhythm
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regular rhythm of heart cycle stimulated by SA node
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arrhythmia
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any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
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bradycardia
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slow heart rate
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fibrillation
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chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart
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flutter
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extermely rapid but regular contractions of the heart
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premature ventricular contraction
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a ventricular contraction preceding normal impulse initiated by SA node (PVC)
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arteriosclerotic heart disease
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a degenerative condition of arteries characterized by thickening of inner lining, loss of elasticity, & susceptibility to rupture
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bacterial endocarditis
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a bacterial inflammation that affects the endoardium or heart valves
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cardiac tamponade
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compression of heart produced by accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac as can result from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within heart
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cardiomyopathy
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a general term for disease of heart muscle
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congenital anomaly of heart
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malformation of the heart present at birth
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atrial septal defect
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an opening in septum separating atria
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coarctation of the aorta
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narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body
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patent ductus arteriosus
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an abnormal opening btwn pulmonary artery & aorta caused by failure of fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth
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congestive heart failure
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failure of left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet demands of body, resulting in "bottleneck" of congestion in lungs that may extend to veings, causing edema in lower portions of body
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cor pulmonale
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enlargement of right ventricle resulting from chronic disease within lungs that causes congestion within pulmonary circulation & resistance of blood flow to lungs
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coronary artery disease
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a condition affecting arteries of heart that reduces flow of blood & delivery of oxygen & nutrients to myocardium, most often caused by atherosclerosis
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hypertension
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persistently high blood pressure
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essential hypertension
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high blood pressure attributed to no single cause
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secondary hypertension
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high blood pressure caused by effects of another disease
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mitral valve prolapse
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protrusion of one or both cusps of mitral valve back into left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure & backflow of blood
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myocardial infarction
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heart attack; death of myocardial tissue owing to loss of blood flow of a coronary artery, usu. caused by atherosclerosis
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myocarditis
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inflammation of myocardium most often caused by viral or bacterial infection
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phlebitis
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inflammation of a vein
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thrombophlebitis
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inflammation of a vein associated w/ a clot formation
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varicose veins
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abnormally swollen twisted veins w/ defective valves
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deep vein thrombosis
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formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body
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auscultation
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a physical examination method of listening to sounds within body w/ a stethoscope
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gallop
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an abnormal heart sound that mimics gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction
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electrocardiogram
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an electrical picture of heart
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stress electrocardiogram
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ECG of heart recorded during induction of controlled physical exercise
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Holter ambulatory monitor
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a portable electrocardiograph worn by patient that monitors electrical activity of heart over 24 hrs
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magnetic resonance angiography
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magnetic resonance imaging of heart & blood vessels for evaluation of pathology
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myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan
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a scan of heart made after an intravenous injection of an isotope that is absorbed by myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow throughout heart
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radiology
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x-ray imaging
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angiography
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process of x-ray imaging of a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium
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cardiac catheterization
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introduction of a flexible, narrow tube through a vein or artery into heart to withdraw samples of blood; to measure pressures within heart chambers or vessels
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left heart catheterization
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x-ray of left ventricular cavity & coronary arteries
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right heart catherterization
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measurement of oxygen saturation & pressure readings of right side of heart
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stroke volume
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measurement of amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction
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cardiac output
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measurement of amount of blood ejected from either ventricle of heart per min
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ejection fraction
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measurement of volume % of left ventricular contents ejected w/ each contraction
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echocardiography
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recording of sound waves through heart to evaluate structure and motion
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transesophageal echocardiogram
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echocardiographic image of heart after placement of an ultrasoic transducer at end of an endoscope inside esophagus
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Doppler sonography
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ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine presence of a deep vein thrombosis or carotid insufficiency
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coronary artery bypass graft
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grafting of a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery restoring circulation to myocardial tissue
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anastomosis
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opening; joining of 2 blood vessels to allow flow from one to another
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valve replacement
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replacement of diseased valve w/ artificial one
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valvuloplasty
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surgical repair of a heart valve
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transmyocardial revascularization
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a laser technique used to open tiny channels in the heart muscle to restore blood flow
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atherectomy
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excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup
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embolectomy
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incision into an artery for removal of an embolus
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percutaneous transluminal coronary agnioplasty
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a method of treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter w/ balloon attachment, inflating to dilate & open narrowed portion of vessel & restore blood flow to myocardium
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intravascular stent
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implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel & assure its patency (openness) or to reinforce patency after angioplasty
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defibrillation
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termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivering an electrical stiumlus to heart
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defibrillator
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device that delivers electrical stimulus in defibrillation
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cardioversion
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termination of tachycardia either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy
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implantable cardioverter defibrillator
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implanted, battery-operated device w/ rate sensing leads; the device monitors cardiac impulses & initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia
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pacemaker
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a device used to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating heart to contract
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angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
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a drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in blood by angiotensin-converting enzyme; used in treatment of hypertension
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antianginal
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a drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to tissues to relieve pain of angina pectoris
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antiarrhythmic
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a drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia
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anticoagulant
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a drug that prevents clotting of blood
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beta-adrenergic blocking agents
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agents hat inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction & heart rate & a lowering of pressure within walls of vessels
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calcium channel blockers
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agents that inhibit entry of calcium ions in heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of heart rate, lessening demand for oxygen & nutrients, & relaxing of smooth muscle cells of blood vessels to cause dilation
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cadriotonic
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a drug that increases force of myocardial contractions in heart
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diuretic
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a drug that increases the secretion of urine, commonly prescribed in treating hypertension
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hypolipidemic
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a drug that reduce serum fat & cholesterol
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thrombolytic agents
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drugs used to dissolve thrombi
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vasoconstrictor
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a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, decreasing blood flow
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vasodilator
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a drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, increasing blood flow
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