Chapter 4

Front 1

Are groups of specialized cells that are similar in structure that perform common functions.

Back 1

Tissue

Front 2

What are the four major types of tissue?

Back 2

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Front 3

This tissue consist of sheets of cells that line or cover various surfaces and body cavities.

Back 3

epithelial tissue

Front 4

Two examples of epithelial tissue are...

Back 4

The skin and the lining of the mouth.

(others- inner surfaces of digestive tract, lungs, bladder, blood vessels, and the tubules of the kidneys.)

Front 5

Epithelial Tissue protect...

Back 5

Underlying tissues.

Front 6

Are epithelial tissue that are specialized to synthesize and secrete a product

Back 6

Glands

Front 7

Secrete substances called hormones into the bloodstream.

Back 7

Endocrine glands
(endo- meaning within)

Front 8

One endocrine gland is the____, which secretes several hormones that help regulate your body's growth and metabolism.

Back 8

Thyroid Gland

Front 9

secrete their products into a hollow organ or duct.

Back 9

Exocrine glands

Front 10

What are 3 examples of exocrine glands?

Back 10

the glands in the mouth that secrete saliva, sweat glands in skin, and glands in the stomach that produce digestive acid.

Front 11

3 Classifications of Epithelial Tissues according to shape of cells.

Back 11

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

Front 12

Consists of one or more layers of flattened cells. Lines vessels, part of lungs, and body surface.

Back 12

Squamous epithelium

Front 13

Cubed in shape, forming the lining of the tubules and glandular tissue. Can also line certain reproductive organs, the larynx, and digestive tract.

Back 13

Columnar epithelium

Front 14

Certain cells within Columnar epithelium,____, secrete mucus, a thick liquid that lubricates tissue and traps bacteria, viruses, and irritating particles.

Back 14

Goblet cells

Front 15

Structural support that attaches epithelial layer to underlining tissues.
(non-cellular layer, a cellular product)

Back 15

Basement Membrane

Front 16

A single layer of cells,adapted for diffusion across cell barriers, line glands, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. (thin)

Back 16

Simple epithelium

Front 17

consists of multiple layers (or strata), protection for underlying cells/ skin surface.

Back 17

Stratified epithelium

Front 18

Holds epithelial cells together, made up of various protein

Back 18

Cell Junction

Front 19

This Junction seals the plasma membrane of adjacent cells so tightly together that nothing can pass between the cells.

Back 19

Tight Junction

Front 20

Tight Junction cells are particularly important in epithelial layers that must control the movement into an out of the body. Examples include:

Back 20

Cells that line the digestive tract and the bladder, and cells that form the tubules of the kidneys.

Front 21

junctions sometimes called "spot desmosomes," are looser in structure. Protein filaments allow for some movement between cells so that tissues can stretch and bend. (in skin, allows one to move freely)

Back 21

Adhesion Junction

Front 22

junction- Represent connecting channels made of proteins that permit the movement of ions or water between two adjacent cells. Are commonly found in the epithelial cells in the liver, heart, and some muscle tissue.

Back 22

Gap Junctions

Front 23

Supports and protects body parts

Back 23

connective tissue

Front 24

Connect various body parts, providing strength, support, and flexibility. (tissue)

Back 24

Fibrous connective tissues

Front 25

Tissue supports and connects body parts

Back 25

Connective Tissue

Front 26

List the 4 types of Fibrous Connective Tissues.

Back 26

Loose, Elastic, Dense, Reticular

Front 27

Connective tissue that surrounds many organs and lines cavities around blood vessels

Back 27

Loose Connective Tissue

Front 28

Connective tissue found in tendons, ligaments, and lower layers of skin. is the strongest Connective tissue when pulled in the same direction.

Back 28

Dense Connective tissue

Front 29

Connective tissue that surrounds the organs that have to change shape or size regularly. (stomach, bladder,)

Back 29

Elastic Connective tissue

Front 30

Connective tissue serves as the internal framework of soft organs such as the liver and the tissues of the lymphatic system (spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes.)

Back 30

Reticular Connective tissue

Front 31

is the transition tissue from which bone develops. Helps maintain shape and cushions joints. consists of mostly collagen fibers

Back 31

Cartilage Cartilage

Front 32

Produced by chondroblasts; found in lacunae, has no blood vessels but a high collagen content.

Back 32

Cartilage

Front 33

Specialize connective tissue that contains only a few living cells. Most of the matrix consists of hard mineral deposits of calcium and phosphate. numerous blood vessels, which cause for quick healing (4-6 weeks)

Back 33

Bone

Front 34

Consists of cells suspended in a fluid matrix called plasma. connective tissue because derive from stem cells located within bone.

Back 34

Blood

Front 35

Is highly specialized for fat storage. few connective tissue fibers and almost no ground substance. located under skin, as layer of insulation. protective layer around organs (kidneys)

Back 35

Adipose Tissue

Front 36

When you eat more than your body can use excess energy is stored in..

Back 36

Adipocytes

Front 37

Tissue that contracts for Movement

Back 37

Muscle Tissue

Front 38

Muscle Tissue that connects to tendons, which attach to bones. When contract causes body parts to move. Is voluntary and multi-nucleated. (long cells)

Back 38

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Front 39

This muscle tissue surrounds hollow organs and tubes, including blood vessels, digestive tract, uterus, and bladder. Is involuntary, and single nuclei.

Back 39

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Front 40

Muscle Tissue is found only in heart. is involuntary and single nuclei. (gap junctions) Short cells

Back 40

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Front 41

Tissue Transmits electrical impulses,rapid communication network, located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves that transmit info to and from various organs.

Back 41

Nervous Tissue

Front 42

Nervous tissue cells that generate and transmit electrical impulses are called..

Back 42

Neurons

Front 43

Neurons typically have 3 basic parts:

Back 43

the cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

Front 44

Cells play a supporting role by surrounding and protecting neurons and supplying them with nutrients.

Back 44

Glial Cells

Front 45

Groups of organs that perform a common function

Back 45

Organ Systems

Front 46

Includes mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and even your liver, pancreas and gallbladder.

Back 46

Digestive System

Front 47

has important functions related to defense against disease, the circulation of certain body fluids, and digestion. (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen)

Back 47

Lymphatic System

Front 48

Consisting of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissue line each body cavity and form our skin.

Back 48

Tissue Membranes

Front 49

There are 4 major types of Tissue Membranes:

Back 49

Serous, Mucous, Synovial, and Cutaneous membranes.

Front 50

Line and lubricate body cavities to reduce friction between internal organs

Back 50

Serous Membranes

Front 51

Line the airways, digestive tract, and reproductive passages. (goblets lubrication)

Back 51

Mucous Membranes

Front 52

Line the very thin cavities between bones in movable joints. secrete watery fluid to lubricate joints.

Back 52

Synovial Membranes

Front 53

Our outer covering. (skin)

Back 53

Cutaneous Membrane

Front 54

Skin consists of:

Back 54

Dermis and Epidermis

Front 55

The outer layer of the skin's epithelial tissue

Back 55

Epidermis

Front 56

The inner layer of connective tissue

Back 56

Dermis

Front 57

Skin rests on a supportive layer called_____, consisting of loose connective tissue containing fat cells. (flexible, cushion, fat cells, insulate)

Back 57

Hypodermis

Front 58

The epidermis consists of multiple layers of

Back 58

Squamous epithelial cells

Front 59

A key feature of the epidermis is that it is constantly being _____.

Back 59

Replaced (cells push older cells to the surface)

Front 60

Two types of cells make up the epidermis:

Back 60

Keratinocytes and Melanocytes

Front 61

Produce a tough, water poof protein called keratin. (rapid replacement allows skin to heal quickly after injury)

Back 61

Keratinocytes (numerous cells)

Front 62

located near base of epidermis produce a dark-brown pigment called melanin.

Back 62

Melanocytes

Front 63

Actively dividing keratinocytes located near the base of the epidermis are sometimes called :

Back 63

Basal Cells

Front 64

Accumulates inside keratinocytes and protects us against the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Exposure to sunlight increases activity of the melanocytes (suntan)

Back 64

Melanin

Front 65

Has a shaft above skin's surface and a root below the surface. Composed of several layers of cells enclosed in an outer layer of overlapping, dead, flattened keratinocytes.

Back 65

Hair

Front 66

Root of hair is surrounded by several layers of cells called:

Back 66

Follicle

Front 67

Attached to the base of the hair follicle, contracts when you are frightened or cold, causing your hair to become more erect.

Back 67

smooth muscle

Front 68

The surface of the dermis has many small projections called____ that contain sensory nerve endings and small blood vessels.

Back 68

Papillae

Front 69

Also known as oil glands, these secrete an oily fluid that moistens and softens hair and skin.

Back 69

Sebaceous Glands

Front 70

These produce sweat, watery fluid containing dissolved ions, small amounts of metabolic wastes, and an antibiotic peptide called dermicidin.

Back 70

Sweat Glands

Front 71

These supply the cells of the dermis and epidermis with nutrients and remove their wastes. Help regulate body temp. dilate to facilitate heat loss when we are too hot and constrict to prevent heat loss when we are too cold.

Back 71

Blood vessels

Front 72

Provide information about the outside environment. Receptors exist to detect heat, cold, light touch, deep pressure, and vibration

Back 72

Sensory nerve endings

Front 73

The environment that surrounds the cells of a multicellular organism.

Back 73

Internal Environment

Front 74

The internal environment is a clear fluid called the:
(space between cells) every cell gets nutrients from the ______ around it and dumps wastes into it

Back 74

interstitial fluid

Front 75

relative constancy of the conditions within the internal environment

Back 75

homeostasis

Front 76

control systems, operate in such a way that deviations from the desired condition are automatically detected and counteracted.

Back 76

Negative Feedback

Front 77

The focal point of any neg. feedback control loop.

Back 77

Controlled variable

Front 78

Negative Feedback components:

Back 78

Controlled variable, sensor, control center, set point, and effector

Front 79

(receptor) monitors the current value of the controlled variable and sends the information to the control center.

Back 79

SENSOR

Front 80

Receives input from the correct, internally set value of the controlled variable, sometimes called the set.

Back 80

Control Center

Front 81

takes the necessary action to correct the imbalance, in accordance with the signals it receives from the control center.

Back 81

An Effector