Chapter 38 Plant Reproduction

Front 1

asexual reproduction

Back 1

- budding from roots, aerial portions, fragmentation, apomixis (seeds without fertilization)
- grafting: stock (root), scion (stem grafted to root)

Front 2

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Back 2

- disease can wipe out entire species because they are all genetically identical.
- less diversity

Front 3

adaptations of angiosperms to reproduce sexually

Back 3

- flowers
- pollen (no water needed)
- seeds
- fruit

Front 4

male gametophyte development in the flower

Back 4

- happens in a pollen grain
1. microsporocytes (in the anther)
- meiosis
2. 4 microspores
- mitosis
3. pollen (male gametophyte)

Front 5

female gametophyte development in the flower

Back 5

- happens in the ovule
1. megasporocyte (in the ovule)
- meiosis
2. 4 megaspores. 1 survives
-mitosis
3. 7 cells (8 nuclei)
- embryo sac

Front 6

mechanisms to prevent self- fertilization

Back 6

- pin: stamen below the stigma
- thrum: stamen above the stigma
- dioecious plants
- self incompatibility (genetic control)

Front 7

double fertilization

Back 7

- 2 sperm nuclei
- 1 fertilizes egg cell. becomes the zygote (2N)
- 1 fertilizes the polar nuclei. becomes the endosperm (3N)

Front 8

types of seeds

Back 8

- monocots: grasses (corn)
- dicots: common bean. castor bean.
- difference is the size and shape of the cotyledon

Front 9

advantages of producing seeds

Back 9

- the shell prevents drying out embryo
- save the embryo for when conditions are right.

Front 10

advantages of producing fruit

Back 10

- animals eat the fruit. dispense seeds through fecal matter

Front 11

early development of a plant

Back 11

- germination of the dormant seed. imbibition- bring in water.
- growth of the embryo - gets food from cotyledon. grows towards the light.

Front 12

protection of the apical meristem

Back 12

- hypocotyl hook: common bean. happens when sprouting out of the ground.
- coleoptile: protective tube around corn stem.