Chapter 38

Front 1

Receptacle

Back 1

The part of the stem where the four types of floral organs are attached.

Front 2

Pistil

Back 2

The term used to refer to a single carpel or two or more fused carpels.

Front 3

Complete flowers

Back 3

Flowers that have all four basic floral organs: carpels, stamens, petals, and sepals.

Front 4

Incomplete flowers

Back 4

Flowers that lack carpels, stamens, petals, or carpels.

Front 5

Inflorescences

Back 5

Flowers that are arranged in showy clusters.

Front 6

Embryo sac

Back 6

A female gametophyte that develops inside each ovule.

Front 7

Integument

Back 7

Layers of protective sporophytic tissue that will develop into the seed coat.

Front 8

Synergids

Back 8

Two cells that flank the egg and help attract and guide the pollen tube to the embryo sac.

Front 9

Pollen grain

Back 9

The grain consists of the two cells of a haploid male gametophyte, the generative cell and the tube cell, along with the spore wall.

Front 10

Pollen tube

Back 10

A long cellular protuberance that delivers sperm to the female gametophyte.

Front 11

Fertalization

Back 11

The fusion of gametes.

Front 12

Endosperm

Back 12

A food-storing tissue of the seed.

Front 13

Double fertalization

Back 13

The union of the two sperm cells with different nuclei of the female gametophyte.

Front 14

Coevolution

Back 14

The joint evolution of two interacting species--in this case, the flowering plants and the specific pollinators for them.

Front 15

First mitotic division

Back 15

The zygote splits the fertilized egg into a basal cell and a terminal cell.

Front 16

Suspensor

Back 16

Cells that anchor the embryo to the parent plant. They help in transferring nutrients to the embryo from the parent plant.

Front 17

Dormancy

Back 17

The stage when the embryo stops growing and its metabolism nearly ceases.

Front 18

Hypocotyl

Back 18

The embryonic axis below where the two cotyledons are attached.

Front 19

Radicle

Back 19

The place where the hypocotyl terminates. It is also known as the embryonic root.

Front 20

Epicotyl

Back 20

The portion of the embryonic axis above where the cotyledons are attached and below the first pair of miniature leaves.

Front 21

Plumule

Back 21

The collective name for the epicotyl, young leaves, and shoot apical meristem.

Front 22

Scutellum

Back 22

A specialized shield-shaped cotyledon that is found in grasses such as maize and wheat.

Front 23

Coleoptile

Back 23

A protective sheath that covers the young shoot in a bean.

Front 24

Coleorhiza

Back 24

A protective sheath that covers the young root.

Front 25

Imbibition

Back 25

The uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed. It causes the seed to expand and rupture its coat which triggers changes in the embryo that enable it to resume growth.

Front 26

Pericarp

Back 26

The ovary wall that becomes the thickened wall of the fruit.

Front 27

Simple fruits

Back 27

Fruits that are derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels.

Front 28

Aggregate fruits

Back 28

Fruits that result from a single flower that contain more than one separate carpel, each forming a small fruit.

Front 29

Multiple fruit

Back 29

A fruit that develops from an inflorescence, a group of flowers tightly clustered together.

Front 30

Accessory fruits

Back 30

Fruits where other floral parts contribute to the commonly referred to "fruit."

Front 31

Asexual reproduction

Back 31

The process of reproduction where offspring are derived from a single parent without fusion of egg and sperm which produces a clone--a genetically identical organism.

Front 32

Fragmentation

Back 32

The separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants. It is one of the most common modes of asexual reproduction.

Front 33

Apomixis

Back 33

The asexual production of seeds.

Front 34

Vegetative reproduction

Back 34

Another name for asexual reproduction in plants.

Front 35

Dioecious species

Back 35

Species of plants that cannot self-fertilize because different individuals have either staminate flowers (lacking carpels) or carpellate flowers (lacking stamens).

Front 36

Self-incompatibility

Back 36

The ability of a plant to reject its own pollen and the pollen of closely related individuals. This is caused by S-genes on the "self" pollen.

Front 37

Totipotent

Back 37

Any cell in a multicellular organism that can divide and asexually generate a clone of the original organism.

Front 38

Vegetative propagation

Back 38

Vegetative reproduction that can be facilitated or induced by humans.

Front 39

Callus

Back 39

A mass of dividing, undifferentiated totipotent cells that are at the cut end of a plant shoot.

Front 40

Stock

Back 40

The plant that provides the roots in the grafting process.

Front 41

Scion

Back 41

The twig that is grated onto the stock in the grafting process.

Front 42

Plant biotechnology

Back 42

It refers to innovations in the use of plants or, more specifically, the use of genetically modified (GM) organisms in agriculture and industry.

Front 43

Transgenic

Back 43

The term used to describe organisms that have been engineered to express a gene from another species.

Front 44

Biofuels

Back 44

Fuels derived from living biomass.

Front 45

Biomass

Back 45

The total mass of organic matter in a group of organisms in a particular habitat.