Chapter 35 (Exam 2)

Front 1

Indeterminate Growth

Back 1

when a plant grows throughout its lifetime

Front 2

Determinate Growth

Back 2

when a plants organs cease to grow at a certain size

Front 3

Epidermis

Back 3

outer layer of nonwoody (herbaceous plants)

Front 4

Cuticle (S and F)

Back 4

S: a waxy coating

F: helps prevent water loss from the epidermis

Front 5

Protective tissues called _________ replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

Back 5

Periderm

Front 6

Trichomes (S and F)

Back 6

S: are outgrowths of the shoot epidermis

F: can help with insect defense

Front 7

Xylem

Back 7

conveys water and dissolved minerals (upward)

Front 8

Phloem

Back 8

transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed

Front 9

Stele

Back 9

collective term for a vascular tissue of a stem or root

Front 10

Pith

Back 10

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

Front 11

Cortex

Back 11

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

Front 12

Stomata (S and F)

Back 12

S: pore flanked by 2 guard cells

F: allow CO2 and O2 exchange

Front 13

Guard Cells

Back 13

regulate the opening and closing of the stomata

Front 14

Mesophyll

Back 14

the ground tissue in a leaf (between the upper and lower epidermis)

Front 15

The vascular tissue of each leaf is continuous with the vascular tissue of the stem in the form of __________

Back 15

veins

Front 16

Wood

Back 16

- secondary xylem accumulates as wood

- in temperature regions, the vascular cambium of perennials in inactive through the winter

- tree rings are visible where late and early wood meet, and can be used to estimate a tree's age

Front 17

Dendrochronology

Back 17

the analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study past climate change

Front 18

Growth

Back 18

an irreversible increase in size

Front 19

Morphogenesis

Back 19

the development of body form and organization

Front 20

Cell Differentiation

Back 20

the process by which cells with the same genes become different from each other

Front 21

Polarity

Back 21

the condition of having structural or chemical differences at opposite ends of an organism

Front 22

Roots

Back 22

- give shoots water and minerals

- get sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system

Front 23

Stems

Back 23

an organ consisting of nodes, internodes, axillary buds, apical buds, apical dominance

Front 24

Leaves

Back 24

an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem.

Front 25

Shoots

Back 25

- give roots sugar

- get water and mineral from roots system

Front 26

What are the 3 tissue types?

Back 26

dermal, vascular, ground

Front 27

What are the specialized plant cells?

Back 27

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, water-conducting cells of xylem, sugar-conducting cells of the phloem

Front 28

Parenchyma

Back 28

- have thin and flexible primary walls

- lack secondary walls

- are the least specialized

- perform the most metabolic functions

- retain the ability to divide and differentiate

Front 29

Collenchyma

Back 29

- are grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot

- they have quicker and uneven cell walls

- they lack secondary walls

- these cells provide flexible support without restraining growth

Front 30

Sclerenchyma

Back 30

- are rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with legnin

- they are dead at functional maturity

two types: sclereids, fibers

Front 31

Water-conducting cells of the xylem

Back 31

tracheids, vessel elements

Front 32

Sugar-conducting cells of phloem

Back 32

sieve-tube elements, sieve plates, companion cell

Front 33

Primary Growth

Back 33

- lengthens roots and shoots

- produces the parts of the root and shoot systems produced by apical meristems

Front 34

Secondary Growth

Back 34

- occurs in stems and roots of woody plants but rarely in leaves

- vascular cambium, cork cambium

- characteristic of gymnosperms and many eudicots, but not monocots

Front 35

Apical Meristems

Back 35

or growing tip, is a completely undifferentiated meristematic tissue found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants. Its main function is to begin growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of roots and shoots (forming buds, among other things). also called a primary meristem

Front 36

Lateral Meristems

Back 36

One of the two meristems in vascular plants (the cork cambium and the vascular cambium) in which secondary growth occurs, resulting in increase in stem girth. Also called secondary meristem.

Front 37

Dermal Tissue

Back 37

usually a single layer of cells covering the younger parts of a plant. It secretes a waxy layer called the cuticle that inhibits water loss. Some of the many types of cells in the epidermis are shown below.

Front 38

Ground Tissue

Back 38

includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. It can be divided into three classes based on the nature of the cell walls. Parenchyma cells have thin primary walls and usually remain alive after they become mature.

Front 39

Vascular Tissue

Back 39

a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found invascular plants. The primary components are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally.

Front 40

Endodermis (S and F)

Back 40

S: the innermost layer of the cortex

F: regulates passage of substances from the soil into the vascular cylinder