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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tissue
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An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.
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organ
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A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues
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root system
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All of a plant′s roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.
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shoot system
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The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers
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Roots
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anchor a vascular plant, usually in soil
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Taproot
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primary root that grows vertically downward
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Lateral roots
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smaller roots that branch off the taproot
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Fibrous roots
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mat of thin roots below soil surface with no main root
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Adventitious roots
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roots arising from the stem
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Nodes
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point where leaves attach
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Internodes
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stem segments between nodes
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Shoot apex
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tip of stem where elongation is usually concentrated
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Leaf
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main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants. Consists of blade and petiole. Not all leaves have petioles.
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Veins
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vascular tissue of leaves. Can be parallel-monocot or multibranched-eudicot.
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Tissue Systems
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Each plant organ has dermal, vascular, and ground tissues.
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Dermal tissue
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outer protective covering
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Epidermis
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single layer of tightly packed cells
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Cuticle
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waxy coating that helps prevent water loss
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Vascular tissue
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transports materials between roots and shoots
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Xylem
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transports water and minerals upwards
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Phloem
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transports sugars from leaves to rest of plant
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Ground tissue
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everything else, including cells for storage, photosynthesis, support, etc.
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Pith
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ground tissue internal to vascular tissue
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Cortex
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ground tissue external to vascular tissue
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Annuals
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complete their life cycle in a single year or less
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Biennials
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live two years
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Perennials
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live many years
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Meristem
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areas where rapidly dividing, undifferentiated cells remain all through the life of the plant
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Apical meristem
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at tips of roots and in buds of shoots. Allow the plant to grow in length. This is called primary growth.
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Lateral meristem
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located near the periphery of the plant, usually in a cylinder. Allow growth in thickness of plant stems and roots. This is called secondary growth.
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Plant Reproduction
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alternate between haploid (1n) and diploid (2n) states.
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Sporophyte
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diploid plant. Produces haploid spores by meiosis.
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Gametophytes
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small haploid plants that produce gametes
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Gymnosperms
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plants with “naked” seeds that are not enclosed in ovaries (fruit). Seeds are exposed on cones.
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Angiosperms
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seed plants that produce flowers and fruits as reproductive structures
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Stamen and carpel
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reproductive organs of plant
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sterile
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Sepal and petal
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Flowers
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reproductive shoots of angiosperms
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Rhizome
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Horizontal underground stem
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root hair
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A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals.
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axillary bud
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A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem.
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terminal bud
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Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.
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apical dominance
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Concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth.
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simple leaf
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single undivided blade
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compound leaf
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Leaf divided into leaflets
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doubly compound leaf
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leaflets divided into smaller leaflets
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parallel major veins that run the length of the leaf blade
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monocot
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multibranched network of major veins
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eudicot
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periderm
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The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium
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stele
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The vascular tissue of a stem or root.
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vascular cylinder
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The central cylinder of vascular tissue in a root.
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vascular bundle
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A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a stem or leaf.
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protoplast
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The contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall.
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indeterminate growth
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A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.
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determinate growth
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determinate growth
A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached. |
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vascular cambium
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A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem
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herbaceous
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Referring to nonwoody plants.
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initials
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Cells that remain within an apical meristem as sources of new cells.
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derivatives
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New cells that are displaced from an apical meristem and continue to divide until the cells they produce become specialized.
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primary plant body
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The tissues produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots.
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root cap
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A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem.
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zone of cell division
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The zone of primary growth in roots consisting of the root apical meristem and its derivatives. New root cells are produced in this region.
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zone of elongation
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The zone of primary growth in roots where new cells elongate, sometimes up to ten times their original length.
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zone of maturation
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The zone of primary growth in roots where cells complete their differentiation and become functionally mature.
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endodermis
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The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder.
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pericycle
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The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate.
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leaf primordia
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Fingerlike projections along the flanks of a shoot apical meristem, from which leaves arise.
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eudicot stem
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Vascular bundles form a ring, partitioned into pith (inside) and cortex (outside)
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monocot stem
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Vascular bundles throughout
not partitioned into pith and cortex |
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eudicot Eudicotyledons
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flowering plants that produce tricolpates pollen
from 3 pores roses; strawberries, blackberries and raspberries; apples and pears; plums, peaches and apricots; almonds; rowan and hawthorn; elms; figs; nettles; and hops and cannabis, carrots, celery, parsley, and ivy |
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monocot Monocotyledon
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Flowering plants that produce pollen has one furrow or pore
Examples: grains (rice, maize, wheat), orchids, bamboo, palms |
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stoma
(plural, stomata ) |
A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.
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guard cells
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The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.
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mesophyll
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The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.
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bundle sheath
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A protective covering around a leaf vein, consisting of one or more cell layers, usually parenchyma.
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palisade mesophyll
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One or more layers of elongated photosynthetic cells on the upper part of a leaf; also called palisade parenchyma.
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spongy mesophyll
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Loosely arranged photosynthetic cells located below the palisade mesophyll cells in a leaf.
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leaf trace
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A small vascular bundle that extends from the vascular tissue of the stem through the petiole and into a leaf.
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spongy mesophyll
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Loosely arranged photosynthetic cells located below the palisade mesophyll cells in a leaf.
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leaf trace
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A small vascular bundle that extends from the vascular tissue of the stem through the petiole and into a leaf.
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