Chapter 35

Front 1

List the basic functions of roots.

Back 1

A root is a multicellular organ that anchors a vascular plant in soil,absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbohydrates.

Front 2

Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance.

Back 2

apical dominance is the phenomenon whereby the main central stem of the plant is dominant over (i.e., grows more strongly than) other side stems ; on a branch the main stem of the branch is further dominant over its own side branchlets.

Front 3

Describe the structures and functions of four types of modified shoots.

Back 3

Spines-The spines on a cacti are actualy leaves and they help protect the cacti from being eaten.
Storage leaves- modified to store water.
Reproductive leaves- produces adventitious plantlets which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil
Bracts- brightly colored leafs that attract pollinators.

Front 4

Explain the functional relationship between a sieve-tube member and its companion cell.

Back 4

They both help in transporing sugars to other parts of the plants

Front 5

Describe and compare the structures and functions of fibrous roots, taproots, root hairs, and adventitious roots

Back 5

Fibrous root: Thin roots spreading out below the surface, with no root functioning as the main one.
Taproot: One main vertical root that stores sugars and starches that the plant will consume during flowering and fruit production. Penatrate deeply therefore well adapted to deep soils where underground water is not close to the surface.
Adventitious root-any small roots grow from the stem in unusual locations.
Root hairs:Short lived and constantly replaces. main function is absorbtion.

Front 6

Define: Adventitous

Back 6

A term describing a plant organ that growa in an unusual location, such as roots arising from stems or leaves.

Front 7

Define: apical dominance

Back 7

concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth

Front 8

Define: Apical meristem

Back 8

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

Front 9

Define: Axillary bud

Back 9

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem.

Front 10

Define: Blade

Back 10

(1) A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis. (2) The flattened portion of a typical leaf.

Front 11

Define: collenchyma cell

Back 11

A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth.

Front 12

Define: companion cell

Back 12

A type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube member by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube members.

Front 13

Define:cortex

Back 13

Ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or dicot stem.

Front 14

Define:cuticle

Back 14

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants

Front 15

Define: Dermal tissue system

Back 15

The outer protective covering of plants.

Front 16

Define:Epidermis

Back 16

The dermal tissue system of nonwoody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells

Front 17

Define:Fiber

Back 17

A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles.

Front 18

Define: Ground tissue system

Back 18

Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.

Front 19

Define: Internode

Back 19

A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.

Front 20

Define:lateral root

Back 20

A root that arises from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root.

Front 21

Define:leaf

Back 21

The main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants.

Front 22

Define:morphology

Back 22

an organisms external form

Front 23

Define:node

Back 23

A point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached.

Front 24

Define:organ

Back 24

A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.

Front 25

Define: parenchyma cell

Back 25

A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type.

Front 26

Define:Periderm

Back 26

The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium.

Front 27

Define:Petiole

Back 27

The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

Front 28

Define: Phloem

Back 28

Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

Front 29

Define: Pith

Back 29

Ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder.

Front 30

Define:root

Back 30

An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

Front 31

Define: root hair

Back 31

A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals.

Front 32

Define: root system

Back 32

All of a plant’s roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.

Front 33

Define: sclereid

Back 33

A short, irregular sclerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats and scattered through the parenchyma of some plants.

Front 34

Define:sclerenchyma cell

Back 34

A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplasts and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity.

Front 35

Define:shoot system

Back 35

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.

Front 36

Define: Sieve plate

Back 36

An end wall in a sieve-tube member, which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in angiosperm sieve tubes.

Front 37

Define: Sieve-tube member

Back 37

A living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms. They form chains called sieve tubes.

Front 38

Define:stele

Back 38

The vascular tissue of a stem or root.

Front 39

Define:stem

Back 39

A vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures.

Front 40

Define:taproot system

Back 40

A root system common to eudicots consisting of one large, vertical root (the taproot) that produces many smaller lateral, or branch, roots.

Front 41

Define:terminal bud

Back 41

Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.

Front 42

Define:tissue

Back 42

An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.

Front 43

Define: tissue system

Back 43

One or more tissues organized into a functional unit connecting the organs of a plant.

Front 44

Define: tracheid

Back 44

A long, tapered water-conducting cell that is dead at maturity and is found in the xylem of all vascular plants.

Front 45

Define: Vascular tissue system

Back 45

A system formed by xylem and phloem throughout a vascular plant, serving as a transport system for water and nutrients, respectively.

Front 46

Define: Vein

Back 46

a vascular bundle in a leaf

Front 47

Define: Vessel element

Back 47

A short, wide, water-conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants. Dead at maturity, vessel elements are aligned end to end to form micropipes called vessels.

Front 48

Define: Xylem

Back 48

Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from roots to the rest of the plant.