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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: amniote
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Member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo, including mammals and birds and other reptiles.
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Define: amphibian
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Member of the tetrapod class Amphibia, including salamanders, frogs, and caecilians.
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Define: anthropoid
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A member of a primate group made up of the apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo), monkeys, and humans.
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Define: chondrichthyan
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Member of the class Chondrichthyes, vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks and rays.
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Define: chordate
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Member of the phylum Chordata, animals that at some point during their development have a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail.
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Define: cloaca
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A common opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts found in many nonmammalian vertebrates but in few mammals.
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Define: condont
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Ancient lineage of jawless vertebrates that arose during the Cambrian period.
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Define: craniate
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A chordate with a head.
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Define: disapsid
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Member of an amniote clade distinguished by a pair of holes on each side of the skull, including the lepidosaurs and archosaurs.
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Define: dinosaur
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Member of an extremely diverse group of ancient reptiles varying in body shape, size, and habitat.
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Define: ectothermic
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Referring to organisms that do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature.
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Define: endothermic
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Referring to organisms with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism. This heat is usually used to maintain a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment.
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Define: eutherian
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Placental mammal; mammal whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.
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Define: extraembryonic membranes
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Four membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) that support the developing embryo in mammals and birds and other reptiles.
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Define: gnathostome
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Member of the vertebrate subgroup possessing jaws.
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Define: hominid
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A species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominidae, including Homo sapiens and our ancestors.
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Define: hominoid
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A term that refers to great apes and humans.
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Define: lancelet
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Member of the subphylum Cephalochordata, small blade-shaped marine chordates that lack a backbone.
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Define: lateral line system
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A mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units (neuromasts) along the sides of the body in fishes and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by the animal itself and by other moving objects.
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Define: lobe-fin
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Member of the vertebrate subgroup Sarcopterygii, osteichthyans with rod-shaped muscular fins, including coelacanths and lungfishes, as well as the lineage that gave rise to tetrapods.
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Define: mammal
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Member of the class Mammalia, amniotes with mammary glands that produce milk.
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Define: marsupial
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A mammal, such as a koala, kangaroo, or opossum, whose young complete their embryonic development inside a maternal pouch called the marsupium.
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Define: monotreme
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An egg-laying mammal, represented by the platypus and echidna.
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Define: neural crest
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A band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm. The cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form the pigment cells in the skin, bones of the skull, the teeth, the adrenal glands, and parts of the peripheral nervous system.
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Define: notochord
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A long flexible rod that runs along the dorsal axis of the body in the future position of the vertebral column.
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Define: operculum
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A long flexible rod that runs along the dorsal axis of the body in the future position of the vertebral column.
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Define: osteichthyan
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Member of a vertebrate subgroup with jaws and mostly bony skeletons.
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Define: oviparous
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Referring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs laid outside the mother’s body.
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Define: ovoviviparous
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Referring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs that are retained in the mother’s uterus.
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Define: pharyngeal celfts
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In chordate embryos, grooves that separate a series of pouches along the sides of the pharynx and may develop into pharyngeal slits.
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Define: pharyngeal slits
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In chordate embryos, slits that form from the pharyngeal clefts and communicate to the outside, later developing into gill slits in many vertebrates.
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Define: placenta
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A structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother’s blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes.
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Define: placoderm
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A member of an extinct class of fishlike vertebrates that had jaws and were enclosed in a tough, outer armor.
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Define: prognathic jaw
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Longer jaw found in our hominoid ancestors.
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Define: pterosaur
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Winged reptile that lived during the time of dinosaurs.
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Define: ratite
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Member of the group of flightless birds.
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Define: ray-finned fish
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Member of the class Actinopterygii, aquatic osteichthyans with fins supported by long, flexible rays, including tuna, bass, and herring.
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Define: reptile
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Member of the clade of amniotes that includes tuatara, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds.
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Define: somites
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Paired blocks of mesoderm just lateral to the notochord of a vertebrate embryo.
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Define: spiral valve
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A corkscrew-shaped ridge that increases surface area and prolongs the passage of food along the short digestive tract.
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Define: swim bladder
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In aquatic osteichthyans, an air sac that enables the animal to control its buoyancy in the water.
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Define: snyapsid
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Member of an amniote clade distinguished by a single hole on each side of the skull, including the mammals.
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Define: tetrapod
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A vertebrate with two pairs of limbs, including mammals, amphibians, and birds and other reptiles.
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Define: tunicates
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Members of the subphylum Urochordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone.
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Define: vertebrate
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A chordate animal with a backbone: the mammals, reptiles (including birds), amphibians, sharks and rays, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-fins.
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Define: viviparous
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Referring to a type of development in which the young are born alive after having been nourished in the uterus by blood from the placenta.
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Descibe the four derived traits that define the Phylum Chordata
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1) notochord-gelatenous stiffing rod
2) dorsal hallow nerve chord 3) pharynx slits-gas exchange 4) muscular postanal tail-helps propel in water |
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Distinguish among the three subphyla of the phylum Chordata and give examples of each
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Cephalochordata- Amphioxus and lancelets
Urochordata- sea squires and tunicates Vertebrata- lampreys, sharks, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals |
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Desribe the way of life and unique characters of the lamprey
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Jawless vertabrates; typically feed by attaching to a live fish and ingesting its blood
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Describe the trends in mineralized structures in early vertabrates
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They had a set of barbed hooks made of dental tissues that were mineralized. They also were armored with mineralized bone.
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Explain one hypotheseis for the evolution of the jaws of gnathostomes.
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The skeleton of the jaws and their supports may have evolved from two pairs of skeletal rods located between the gill slits near the mouth. Pairs of rods anterior to those that formed the jaws were either lost or incorporated into the cranium or jaws.
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Describe the features of sharks that are adaptive for their active, predatory lifestyle
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fast swimmers
sharp vision detect electric fields generated by muscle contraction. |
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Describe the danger to shark and their vulnerabilities
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Ther are ovoviviparous so if they are killed all the babys dies with it.
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Describe and distinguish between chondrichthyes and osteichthyes, noting the main traits of each group.
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Chondrichthyes- Skeleton composed predominantly of cartilage.
Osteinchthyes- ossidied (bony) endoskeleton with a hard matrix. |
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Descibe the four derived traits that define the Phylum Chordata
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1) notochord-gelatenous stiffing rod
2) dorsal hallow nerve chord 3) pharynx slits-gas exchange 4) muscular postanal tail-helps propel in water |
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Distinguish among the three subphyla of the phylum Chordata and give examples of each
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Cephalochordata- Amphioxus and lancelets
Urochordata- sea squires and tunicates Vertebrata- lampreys, sharks, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals |
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Desribe the way of life and unique characters of the lamprey
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Jawless vertabrates; typically feed by attaching to a live fish and ingesting its blood
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Describe the trends in mineralized structures in early vertabrates
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They had a set of barbed hooks made of dental tissues that were mineralized. They also were armored with mineralized bone.
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Explain one hypotheseis for the evolution of the jaws of gnathostomes.
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The skeleton of the jaws and their supports may have evolved from two pairs of skeletal rods located between the gill slits near the mouth. Pairs of rods anterior to those that formed the jaws were either lost or incorporated into the cranium or jaws.
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Describe the features of sharks that are adaptive for their active, predatory lifestyle
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fast swimmers
sharp vision detect electric fields generated by muscle contraction. |
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Describe the danger to shark and their vulnerabilities
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Ther are ovoviviparous so if they are killed all the babys dies with it.
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Describe and distinguish between chondrichthyes and osteichthyes, noting the main traits of each group.
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Chondrichthyes- Skeleton composed predominantly of cartilage.
Osteinchthyes- ossidied (bony) endoskeleton with a hard matrix. |
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Descibe the four derived traits that define the Phylum Chordata
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1) notochord-gelatenous stiffing rod
2) dorsal hallow nerve chord 3) pharynx slits-gas exchange 4) muscular postanal tail-helps propel in water |
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Distinguish among the three subphyla of the phylum Chordata and give examples of each
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Cephalochordata- Amphioxus and lancelets
Urochordata- sea squires and tunicates Vertebrata- lampreys, sharks, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals |
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Desribe the way of life and unique characters of the lamprey
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Jawless vertabrates; typically feed by attaching to a live fish and ingesting its blood
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Describe the trends in mineralized structures in early vertabrates
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They had a set of barbed hooks made of dental tissues that were mineralized. They also were armored with mineralized bone.
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Explain one hypotheseis for the evolution of the jaws of gnathostomes.
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The skeleton of the jaws and their supports may have evolved from two pairs of skeletal rods located between the gill slits near the mouth. Pairs of rods anterior to those that formed the jaws were either lost or incorporated into the cranium or jaws.
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Describe the features of sharks that are adaptive for their active, predatory lifestyle
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fast swimmers
sharp vision detect electric fields generated by muscle contraction. |
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Describe the danger to shark and their vulnerabilities
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Ther are ovoviviparous so if they are killed all the babys dies with it.
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Describe and distinguish between chondrichthyes and osteichthyes, noting the main traits of each group.
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Chondrichthyes- Skeleton composed predominantly of cartilage.
Osteinchthyes- ossidied (bony) endoskeleton with a hard matrix. |
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Explain what acanthostega suggests about the origin of tetrapods
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Along with the derived appendages of tetrapods, Acanthostega retained primitive aquatic adaptations, such as gills.
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Describe the common traits of amphibians.
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(salamanders and frogs) Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most have moist skin that function in gas exchange, many live both in water and on land
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Amphibian
Order Urodela |
(salamanders) retain their tail as adults
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Amphibian
Order Anura |
(Frogs) lack a tail as adults
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Amphibian
Order Apoda |
(caecilians) legless, mainly burrowing amphibians
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Describe an amniotic egg and explain its significance in the evolution of reptiles and mammals.
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A shelled egg in which and embryo develops within a fluid-filled amniotic sac and is nourished by yolk. It enables them to complete their life cycles on dry land
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Explain why the Reptile clade includes birds.
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Scales on legs
Dinosaus had feahters |
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Describe a number of reptile features that are adaptive for life on land.
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3 chambered heart, waterproof skin, ectotherms, they lay eggs
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Compare the interpretations of dinosaurs as ectotherms or endotherms
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They must have been endotherms since they were found in colder climates and had feathers.
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Describe the specialized adaptations of snakes that make them successful predators.
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They have acute chemical sensors, they are sensitive to ground vibrations, posion glands, loosely articulated jawbones
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List modifications of birds that are adaptive for flight.
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Reduced number of bones
Hollow bones No tail Wings Large breast muscle |
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Summarize the evidence supporting the hypothesis that birds evolved from theropod dinosaur ancestors
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Fossils show dinosaurs had feathers with vanes implying that feathers evolved long before powered flight
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Explain the sigificane of Archaeopteryx
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Had feathered wings but retained ancestral characters such as teeth, clawed digits in its wings, and a long tail, couldnt take off at a standing position
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Describe the derived characters of mammals
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mammary glands, which produced milk for offering
Hair and a fat layer under the skin to help the body retain heat. Four types of teeth 3 inner ear bones Long term care of young Larger brain and capacity to learn |
