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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bilaterian
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member of a clade of niamls with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers
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Deuterostrome
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organisms in which the anus develops from the blastopore, radial cleavage occurs in the embryo, and the body cavity develops as outpockets of mesodermal tissue
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Derived chordate characteristics
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1. Pharyngeal slits or clefts
a) In aquatic vertebrates (sharks, fish) – gas exchanging gills b) In terrestrial vertebrates (reptiles, birds) – ear development and other structures in the head and neck 2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord: unique to vertebrates; develops from ectoderm into drain and spinal cord 3. Notchord: long flexible rod present in chordate embryos, some adults, but usually replaced by a jointed skeleton for muscle attachment 4. Post-anal tail: a tail containing muscle and skeletal elements extending beyond the anus; provides propulsion in fish |
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Characteristics of tunicates
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1. Oldest lineage of chordates
2. Resemble motile larva chordate 3. Swim to substrate and settle, then lose chordate characteristics |
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Characteristics of lancelets
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1. Oldest retain the chordate traits
2. Musculature is similar to fish 3. Feed by burrowing into substrate with only their anterior end exposed |
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Craniates
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chordate with well-defined heads
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Derived characteristics of craniates
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1. Gills slits in aquatic craniates
2. 2+ chambered heart; red blood cells with hemoglobin 3. Higher metabolism 4. Greater musculature 5. Kidneys |
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Major classes of chordates
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1. Agnatha
2. Chondrichthyes 3. Osteichthyes 4. Amphibian 5. Reptilia 6. Aves 7. Mammalia |
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Sharks General Characteristics
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1. Cartilaginous skeleton impregnated with Ca streamlines body built for speed, not very maneuverable through
2. Predatory 3. 750 spp mostly marine 4. Buoyancy due to a large oily liver |
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Sharks Nutrition
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1. Large sharks tend to be suspension-feeders
2. Multiple rows of self-regenerating teeth 3. Short digestive tract with a spiral valve – increases surface area while slowing digestion |
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Sharks Sensory Organs
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1. Electroreceptor system
2. Sharp senses of vision and smell 3. Lateral line system |
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Sharks Reproduction
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1. Internal fertilization
2. Male claspers transfer sperm into the female reproductive tract 3. Female lay eggs 4. Eggs hatch in uterus 5. Young are born live |
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Fish
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A) Ray finned fishes
1. Fins are supported by long, flexible rays modified for defense and maneuvering B) Lobe finned fishes 1. In pectoral and levic fins, rod-shaped are surrounded by a thick layer of muscle |
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Tetrapods Derived Characteristics
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a) four legs- limbs with digits
b) fusion of pelvic girdle to spine c) pharyngeal clefts giving rise to parts of the ear and other structures (not gills) d) ears adapted to airborne sounds ex: acanthostega |
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Tetrapod Origins
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a) body plan- modified version of lobe-finned lung fish
b) adapted to aquatic/terrestrial habitats c) most spp require water for reproduction ex: ichthyostega |
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Amphibia General Characteristics
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a) some spp strictly aquatic, some terrestrial
b) require water for reproduction c) developmental metamorphosis d) moist skin allows for gas exchange ex: tiger salamander |
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Amphibia Reproduction
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a) external fertilization
b) eggs laid in water to prevent desiccation c) amphibians are oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous ex: frogs |
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Amniotes General Characteristics
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a) organisms which begin inside an amniotic egg; contains specialized membrane to protect embryo
b) include reptiles, birds, and mammals c) specialized membrane nutrition, gas exchange, and waste removal d) shell prevents dehydration i) reptile= leathery shell ii) bird= calcaneous shell ex: turtle hatching |
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Reptilia General Characteristics
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a) earliest reptiles emerged 320 mya
b) do not require water for reproduction c) no developmental metamorphosis d) keratinized scales are water proof; prevents dehydration e) ectothermic: cannot maintain constant body temperature; dependent upon external heat |
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Reptilia Reproduction
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a) internal fertilization
b) eggs laid on land due to amniotic egg c) oviparous and viviparous |
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Reptilia Origins
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diapsids: marine reptiles, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs
i) ornithischians: sluggish, cold blooded ii) saurischians: active, warm blooded |
