Chapter 34 - Test 4

Front 1

cannot do damage unless they break through these surface barriers and enter the internal environment

Back 1

pathogens

Front 2

What is the body's first line of defense?

Back 2

intact skin and specialized epithelial linings of the body's tubes and cavities

Front 3

What does the second line of defense include?

Back 3

certain kinds of white blood cells and antimicrobial chemicals

Front 4

the most abundant of the internal defenses; they can ingest and digest about 20 bacterial cells

Back 4

neutrophils

Front 5

secrete enzymes that punch holes in parasitic worms

Back 5

eosinophils

Front 6

make and secrete chemical substances that keep inflammation going

Back 6

basophils and mast cells

Front 7

can engulf and digest a 100 bacterial cells or almost anything else chemically recognized as foreign to the body

Back 7

macrophages

Front 8

patrol and engulf, as well as alerting immune cells to threats

Back 8

macrophages and dendritic cells

Front 9

patrol the body and bind to tumor cells, virus-infected cells, and bacterial cells; secretions from these punch holes in targeted cells; others enhance inflammation

Back 9

natural killer cells

Front 10

the third line of defense, and the most recent

Back 10

the immune system

Front 11

what do cells use to distinguish self from nonself?

Back 11

membrane proteins

Front 12

enzymes that are especially good at digesting cells walls of many bacteria; secreted by phagocytic cells

Back 12

lysozymes

Front 13

what type of cells evolved in invertebrates?

Back 13

cytokines

Front 14

signaling molecules that coordinate the interactions among cells that defend the body; in all vertebrates, 3 types

Back 14

cytokines

Front 15

what are the 3 types of cytokines?

Back 15

interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors

Front 16

cells that can make proteins that chemically recognize an immense number of nonself configurations

Back 16

B Cells and T Cells

Front 17

during an individual's life, B cell and T cell populations specifically tailor a defense response to one of potentially limitless kinds of pathogens. what is this capacity called?

Back 17

adaptive immunity

Front 18

habitat of low moisture, low pH, and thick layers of cells; effective barrier to pathogens; has quite a population of harmless bacteria residing there

Back 18

skin

Front 19

resident bacteria may produce substances that prohibit pathogens from settling there

Back 19

mucous linings

Front 20

tears, saliva, gastric juice, low pH of urine and its flushing action, diarrhea flushes irritants from gut

Back 20

fluids

Front 21

a mechanism where fast-acting phagocytes and complement proteins escape from the blood stream at capillary beds in the damaged tissue

Back 21

acute inflammation

Front 22

increases the permeability of the capillaries allowing plasma proteins to leak out, increasing the osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid, giving rise to edema in the tissue

Back 22

histamine

Front 23

the gross disruption of the plasma membrane leading to death of the cell

Back 23

lysis

Front 24

a core temperature that exceeds the body's normal set point

Back 24

fever

Front 25

what triggers the release of prostaglandins, which in turn trigger an increase in the set point on the hypothalamic thermostat controlling body temperature/

Back 25

endogenous pyrogen

Front 26

what are central to the body's third line of defense - the immune system?

Back 26

B cells and T cells

Front 27

what are the 4 key features of the immune system?

Back 27

1)B and T cells distinguish self from nonself 2)these cells produce an attack after they have become sensitized to a specific threat to the body 3)the B and T cells show staggering diversity in receptors 4) the immune system has memory

Front 28

fully differentiated cells that engage and destroy the enemy

Back 28

effector cells

Front 29

in a resting stage initially; they will make a very rapid response to the pathogen if it is encountered a second time

Back 29

memory cells

Front 30

a molecular configuration that triggers formation of T cell and B cell populations

Back 30

antigen

Front 31

antigen that becomes paired with MHC markers on a body cell

Back 31

call to arms

Front 32

specific recognition proteins at the plasma membrane of the body's cells

Back 32

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

Front 33

any cell that can 1)process and display antigen in association with MHC markers and 2)activate T cells with a chemical signal

Back 33

antigen-presenting cell

Front 34

can bind to antigen-MHC complexes

Back 34

helper T cells

Front 35

carry out cell-mediated responses against infected body cells and tumor cells

Back 35

cytotoxic T cells

Front 36

make antigen-binding receptor molecules

Back 36

effector B cells

Front 37

antigen-binding receptors

Back 37

antibodies

Front 38

refers to the body's capacity to make a secondary immune response to any subsequent encounter with the same type of antigen that provoked the primary response

Back 38

immunological memory

Front 39

what are the five classes of antibodies known as?

Back 39

immunoglobulins

Front 40

the first antibodies secreted furing immune responses; first one produced by newborns

Back 40

IgM

Front 41

antibodies that activate complement proteins and neutralize many toxins; these can cross the placenta, also secreted in early milk

Back 41

IgG

Front 42

antibodies that enter mucus-coated surfaces of the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts, where they may neutralize infectious agents; found in mother's milk

Back 42

IgA

Front 43

antibodies that trigger inflammation after attacks by parasitic worms and other pathogens; plays a role in allergies

Back 43

IgE

Front 44

protein molecules that form doughnut shaped pores in a target cell's membrane,allowing the cell's cytoplasm to dribble out - killing it

Back 44

perforins

Front 45

refers to a variety of processes which promote increased immunity against specific diseases

Back 45

immunization

Front 46

involves giving a person already infected witht he pathogen injections of purified antibody

Back 46

passive immunization

Front 47

normally harmless substances that provoke inflammation, excess mucus production, and sometimes immune responses in many people

Back 47

allergens

Front 48

the body makes too many thyroid hormone molecules, which control metabolic rates and growth of many tissues

Back 48

Grave's disorder

Front 49

develops after autoreactive T cells attack myelin sheaths on axons in nerves and then enter the cerebrospinal fluid; numbness, paralysis, and blindness are symtoms

Back 49

multiple sclerosis

Front 50

chronic inflammation of skeletal joints

Back 50

rheumatoid arthritis