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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Invertebrates |
mammals that lack a backbone |
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Invertebrates account for _____ of the known animal species |
95% |
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animal phyla so far... |
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Phylum Porifera (basal taxon) |
"sponges" - asymmetrical (no head) - lack true tissues and organs - sac body plan - sedentary/sessile - marine and fresh water species - most sponges are hermaphrodites |
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Specialized Structures |
- pores - spongocoel - osculum - amoebocytes - choanocytes/collar cells - spicules - mesohyl |
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Pores (S and F) |
S: numerous holes on the surface of a structure F: allows water to go in and out |
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Spongocoel (S and F) |
S: central cavity in sponges F:allows water to enter through hunders of tiny pores |
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Osculum (S and F) |
S: a large opening F: excrement and waste product disposal |
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Amoebocytes (S and F) |
S: cells with pseudopodia F: deliver things, some become gametes, and other spicules |
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Choanocytes/collar cells ( S and F) |
S: flagellated cells lining the spongoceal F: bring water in (create current by making negative pressure by pushing water out) |
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Spicules (S and F) |
S: calcium carbonate (three barbs) F: protection |
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Mesohyl (S and F) aka mesenchyme |
S: gelatinous goo F: basically a space filler through which other stuff happens |
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Choanocyte Diagram |
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Amoebocyte Diagram |
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Clade Eumetazoa |
- all animals except sponges (except a few obscure groups) - animals with true tissues |
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Eumetozoan- Phylum Cnidaria |
jelly fish, corals, and hydras - radial - true tissue - diploblastic - sac body - wide range of both sessile and motile - some polymorphic - all carnivorous |
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Special Structures of Eumetozoans |
- polyp - medusa - gastrovascular cavity - mouth - mesoglea - tentacle - cnidocytes - nematocytes |
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Polyp |
sedentary form of Cnidaria |
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Medusa |
the motile form of cnidaria
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Gastrovascular Cavity (S and F) |
S: central opening lined with endoderm.
F: digestion |
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Mouth (S and F) |
S: located at the anterior end of the animal
F: to bring food into the animal |
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Mesoglea (S and F) |
S: goo in agnidaria
F: holds muscle bundles, nerve fibers, and amoebas living inside |
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Tentacle (S and F) |
S: appendges around the mouth
F: feeding, movement, defense |
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Cnidocytes (S and F) |
S: stinging cells located on tentacles
F: get food or defend |
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Nematocysts (S and F) |
S: pressure sensitive harpoon-like structure F: capture prey and defense |
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What four classes are the phylum Cnidaria divided into? |
1. Hydrozoa 2. scyphozoa 3. Cubozoa 4. Anthozoa |
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Eumetazoa - Cnidaria - Hydrozoans |
- most polymorphic - hydra, a freshwater cnidarian, exists only in polyp form and reproduces asexually by budding |
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Reproductive cycle of Hydrozoans |
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Eumetazoa - Cnidaria - Scyphozoans |
- jellies (medusae) are the prevalent form of the life cycle |
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Eumetazoa - Cnidaria - Cubozoans |
- includes box jellies and sea wasps, the medusa is box shaped and has complex eyes - often have highly toxic cnidocytes |
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Eumetazoa Cnidaria - Anthozoans |
- includes the corals and sea anemones, and these cnidarians occur only as polyps
- corals often form symbioses with algae and secrete a hard external skeleton |
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Eumetazoa - Clade Bilatera |
- all other animals except exccept sponges and cnidarians - based on molecular data - widest range of body forms - all bilateral - all triploblastic - Lophotrochozoa - Ecdysozoa - Deuterostomia |
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Lophotrocozoa |
- clade identified by molecular data includes the phyla: - Platyhelminthes - flatworms - Rotifera - rotifers - Ectoprocta - ectoprocts - Brachioprocta - brachiopods - Mollusca - molluscs - Annelida - annelids/segmented worms |
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Eumetazoa - Bilateral - Lophotrochozoa - Phylum Platyhelminthes |
flatworms - bilateral (cephalization) - true tissue (triploblastic) - tube plan - acoelomate - one up = digestive system - live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats, some are parasites |
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Special Structures of Platyhelminthes |
- tube body opening with one opening - cephalization - flat - no systems for gas exchange Protonephridia: - tubules - flame cells |
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What are the three main groups of Platyhelminthes? |
- Planaria - free living - Trematodes - parasites (flukes) - Cestodes - parasites (tapeworms) |
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Planarians |
- live in fresh water and prey on smaller animals Good Cephalization: - eyespots - ganglion = brain - nerve ladders - auricles |
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Planarians are ___________ and can __________ __________ , or __________ through _______ |
hermaphrodites; reproduce; asexually, sexually; fission |
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Class Trematoda - Parasites |
- alternate between asexual and sexual stages - usually attach by ventral suckers - flukes |
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Class Cestoda - Tapeworms |
- lack a mouth and digestive system - the scolex contains suckers and hooks for attaching to the host - proglottids are units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the scolex |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Lophotrochozoa - Phylum Rotifera |
rotifers - microscopic - bilateral ---> true tissue ---> anus! (one up) - inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil - parthenogenesis - some lack males entirely |
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Parthenogenesis |
when females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Locotrophozoa - Lophorates |
- have a crown of cilliated tentacle around their mouth called lophophores - sessile, filter feeders - true coelom two phyla: - Ectoprocta - Brachiopoda |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Lophotrochozoa - Locophorates - Phylum Ectoprocta |
- Ectoprocts (also called bryozoans) are sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble plants - a hard exoskeleton encases the colony, and some species are reef builders |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Lophotrochozoa - Locophorates - Phylum Brachioprocta |
- Brachiopods superficially resemble resemble clams and other hinge-shelled molluscs, but the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams - Brachiopods are marine and attach to the seafloor by a stalk |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Lophotrochozoa - Phylum Mollusca |
Common Name: molluscs Defined: - Bilateral (cephalization) - True Tissue (Triploblastic) - Coelomate with anus - Distinct body plan - One up = circulatory system (blood) - One up = gills for gas exchange Lifestyle: most are marine, although some inhabit fresh water Body Plan: - muscular foot - visceral mass - mantle Reproduction: - have separate sexes with gonads - goes through a stage called a trochophore |
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What are the four major classes of molluscs? |
1. Polyplacophora (chitons) 2. Gastropoda (snails and slugs) 3. Bivalvia (clams, oysters, and other bivalves) 4. Cephalopodia (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses) |
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What are Chitons? |
- oval shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates - they use their foot-like suction cup to grip, |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Lophotrochozoa - Phylum Annelida |
annalids, segmented worms - bilateral (cephalized) - true tissue ( triploblastic) - coelomate w/anus - circulatory system (closed) - segmented - class Polychaeta - class Oligochaeta |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Lophotrochozoa - Phylum Annelida - Class Oligocheata |
- earth worms and leaches - freshwater and terrestrial habitats - relatively sparse chaetae |
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Chaete (S and F) |
S: bristles made of chitin F: locomotion, (aid in respiration and feeding in polycheates) |
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What characteristics do earthworm have? |
- eat through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil moves through the digestive system - castings "waste" (huge benefit to soil) - hermaphrodites but can cross-fertilize - some reproduce asexually by fragmentaion |
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structure of an earthworm |
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Leeches |
- most live in fresh water; some are terrestrial - include predators of invertebrates, and parasites that suck blood - secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Lophotrochozoa - Phylum Annelida - Class Polychaeta |
- have parapodia - most are marine |
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Parapodia (S and F) |
S: paddle-like structures F: work as gills and aid in locomotion |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Echdysozoans |
- the most species-rich animal group - covered by a thick coat (cuticle) - the cuticle is shed or molted through a process called ecdysis - the two largest phyla are nematodes and arthropods |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Echdysozoans - Phylum Nematoda |
common name: nematodes or roundworms - most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals - lack a circulatory system, no segmentation - reproduction is usually sexual - some species are important parasites of plants and animals |
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Nematode abundance |
- most abundant animal phyla - 90% of all life forms on the oceans - 80% of all individual animals on earth |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Echdysozoans - Phylum Arthropda |
common name: anthropods - most diverse richness (2/3 of all animals) - found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere - body plan consists of a segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages |
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Segmentaion - adaptations |
- the appendages of some living arthropods are modified for functions such as walking, feeding, sensory perception, reproduction, and defense |
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Arthropod Diagram |
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Arthropod Structure |
- exoskeleton - excellent cephalization (have eyes, olfactory receptors, and antennae that function in touch and smell) - open circulatory system - variety organs specialized for gas exchange have evolved in arthropods |
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Exoskeleton (S and F) |
S: layers of protein and chitin F: protection, water retention |
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Arthropod Classification |
molecular evidence suggests that living arthropods consist of four major lineages - Chelicerates (sea spider, horshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, and spiders) - Myriapods (centipedes and millipedes) - Hexapods (insects and others) - Crustaceans (crabs, lobster, shrimps, barnacles, and many others) |
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Eumetazoan - Bilatera - Ecdysozoans - Pylum Arthropoda - Chelicerates |
- named for claw-like feeding appendages called chelicerae - most modern are the arachnids (spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites) - most marine forms are extinct today, but some species survive (horseshoe crabs) |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Echdysozoans - Phylum Arthropoda - Chelicerates - Arachnids |
- have an abdomen and a cephalothorax, which has six pairs of appendages: the chelicerae, the pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs - gas exchange occurs in respiratory organs called book lungs - many produce silk, a liquid protein, from specialized abdominal glands |
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Spider Diagram |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Echdysozoans - Phylum Arthropodia - Myriapods |
- includes millipedes and centipedes - terrestrial, and have jaw-like mandibles |
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Millipedes |
- eat decaying leaves and plant matter - have many legs, with two pairs per trunk segment |
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Centipedes |
- carnivores - have one pair of legs per trunk segment |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Echdysozoans - Phylum Arthropodia - Hexapoda |
- insects and relatives, has more species than all other forms of life combined - they live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water |
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Class Insecta have: |
- segmentation - 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdoman) - 3 pairs of walking legs |
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Insect Diagram |
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What are the key adaptations of insects |
- flight - an animal that can fly can escape predators, find food, and disperse to new habitats much faster than organisms that can only crawl |
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Incomplete Metamorphosis |
the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size |
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Complete Metamorphosis |
have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar. (the larval stage looks different than the adult stage) |
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Insect Metamorphosis |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Echdysozoans - Phylum Arthropda - Crustaceans |
- for the most part have remained in marine and freshwater environments - typically have branched appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and locomotion - small ones exchange gases through the cuticle; larger ones have gills |
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Crustacean |
- most have separate males and females - isopods, which include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species - Decapods are rarely large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp |
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Planktonic Crustaceans |
include many species of copepods, which are among the most numerous of all animals |
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Barnacles are a group of mostly ________ ________ |
sessile; crustaceans |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Deuterostomia |
- share developmental characteristics (radial cleavage, formation of anus from the blastopore - defined primarily by DNA |
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Eumetazoa - Bilatera - Deuterostomia - Phylum Echinodermata |
- slow moving sessile marine animals - endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates - water vascular system - males ans females are usually separate - radial symmetry with multiples of five |
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Water Vascular System |
a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet, that function in locomotion and feeding |
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Sea Stars |
- have multiple arms radiating from a central disk - the undersurface of each arm bares tube feet, which grip substrate with adhesive chemicals - feed on bivalves by prying them open with their tube feet, everting their stomach, and digesting their prey externally with digestive enzymes - can regrow lost arms |
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Brittle Stars |
- have a distinctive central disk and long, flexible arms, which they use for movement - some are suspension feeder, while others are scavengers or predators |
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Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars |
- have no arms but have five rows of tube feet - arms are used for protection and locomotion - feed on seaweed using a jaw-like structure on their underside |
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Sea Lillies |
- suspension feeder - live attached to the substrate by a stalk |
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Feather Stars |
- suspension feeder - can crawl using long, flexible arms |
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Sea Cucumbers |
- lack spines, have a very reduced endoskeleton, and do not look much like other echinoderms - have five rows of tube feet; some are developed as feeding tentacles |
