Chapter 32 - Structure And Function Of The Pulmonary System

Front 1

Gas exchange

Back 1

depends on ventilation of the alveoli, diffusion across the alveolocapillary membrane, perfusion of the pulmonary capillaries and the systemic capillaries, and diffusion between the systemic capillaries and tissue cells

Front 2

Ventilation

Back 2

is the process by which air flows into and out of the gas-exchange airways

Front 3

Perfusion

Back 3

is the flow of blood around the gas-exchange airways

Front 4

Surfactant

Back 4

is produced by Type II alveolar cells - it is a lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the alveolus and facilitates its expansion during inspiration by surface tension (makes bubbles)

Front 5

What is the major muscle of inspiration

Back 5

diaphram

Front 6

Contraction of the diaphram

Back 6

moves it down and creates a vacuum that causes air to flow into the lungs

Front 7

What muscles are used for deep inspiration

Back 7

chest wall and neck muscles

Front 8

Most of the time ventilation is

Back 8

voluntary - controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems - they control the rate and depth of ventilation

Front 9

What controls the rate and depth of ventilation

Back 9

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Front 10

Neuroreceptors in the lungs

Back 10

monitor mechanical aspects of ventilation

Front 11

Chemoreceptors in the brain stem

Back 11

monitor the pH of CSF and the PO2 of arterial blood

Front 12

How is most of the oxygen transported?

Back 12

attached to the heme of the hemoglobin molecule - while a small amount is dissolved in the plasma

Front 13

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in plasma than

Back 13

oxygen - it diffuses from the tissues into the plasma - where it combines with water to exist as bicarbonate

Front 14

Dyspnea

Back 14

is difficulty breathing, breathlessness - can also be called shortness of breath - it can be caused by pulmonary disease, but also by disturbances in ventilation, gas exchange or ventilation-perfusion relationships

Front 15

Dsypnea can also be a sign of

Back 15

cardiovascular disease or gastric reflux

Front 16

Hypoventilation

Back 16

is decreased alveolar ventilation caused by an increase in PaCO2

Front 17

Hyperventilation

Back 17

is increased alveolar ventilation caused by a decrease in PaCO2

Front 18

What can cause chest pain in the pulmonary system?

Back 18

inflamed pleura, trachea, bronchi, or respiratory muscles