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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bulk flow over long distances mediated by ______ system |
circulatory |
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true circulatory system has |
pump (heart), vessels (tubes), fluid (blood) |
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which animals don't need true circulatory system, examples |
small and thin (single-celled organisms, placozoans, flatworms) |
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types of true circulatory systems |
open or closed |
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who has open circulatory systems |
insects and other arthropods, mollusks |
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who has closed circulatory system |
segmented worms and vertebrates |
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which is more simple: open or closed |
open |
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open circ system has low or high pressure? what kind of pressure is it? |
low hydrostatic pressure |
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describe barrier between blood and cells in open circ system. describe fluid in open circ system. |
NO barrier, fluid is hemolymph |
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closed circ system has low or high pressure? |
high pressure |
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describe barrier between blood and cells in closed circ system |
blood contents remain concentrated in vessels |
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what is found in hemoglobin, what does it do? |
iron in hemoglobin carries oxygen |
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what else does hemoglobin carry and how? |
CO2, directly and indirectly |
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iron to hemoglobin is like _______ to hemocyanin. who has hemocyanin? |
copper, horseshoe crabs! |
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iron to hemoglobin is like copper to _______ |
hemocyanin |
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blue horseshoe crabs have |
hemocyanin (blue blood) |
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fish have ____ circuit with gills and how many chambers in heart? |
single circuit 2 chambers |
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amphibians and reptiles have ____ circuit with lungs and how many chambers (A/V) in heart? |
2 parallel circuits 3 chambers- 2 atria, 1 ventricle |
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birds and mammals have ____ circuit and how many chambers in heart? |
2 completely separate parallel circuits 4 chambers |
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in mammals, right 2 chambers pump to ______ and left 2 chambers pump to _____ |
right to lungs, left to rest of body |
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blood flow in heart starting at right atrium (include valves) |
RA, RAV/tricuspid valve, RV, pulmonary valve, lungs, LA, LAV/bicuspid valve, LV, aortic valve, aorta, body |
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both atria contract together at end of _____ |
diastole |
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what happens to atria/ventricles during diastole |
atria contract ventricle filling/relaxed |
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both ventricles contract together during _____ |
systole |
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what happens during systole? |
ventricles contract |
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passive filling of ventricles occurs when and how? |
during diastole, as ventricle relaxes it sucks in blood from atria |
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when the atria contract what happens? |
(diastole) help push out a little blood to top off ventricles |
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AV valves close during systole or diastole? |
systole |
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why do AV valves close during systole? |
prevent backflow into atria, builds up pressure in ventricles |
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during systole, which valves open and to where? |
semilunar valves: pulmonary to lungs, aortic to systemic circuit |
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ventricles eject blood during ______ |
systole |
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why do valves slam shut after the ventricles eject blood in systole? |
because pressure greater in aorta and pulmonary arteries |
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specialized cardiac muscle cells form ________ potentials and do what in the heart? |
pacemaker coordinate contraction, initiate heartbeat |
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each beating of heart starts where? then where? |
Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrial fibers, AV node, left and right bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, ventricles |
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after Purkinje fibers where does the action potential spread to? |
ventricles |
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EKGs measure |
electrical potentials on the skin |
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what causes electrical potentials on skin |
waves of depolarization in heart m cells |
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EKGS are NOT picking up ___________ |
membrane potential
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why do EKGs not pick up membrane potential? |
there are no electrodes in heart tissue, only on skin |
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total flow aka _____ what is this? |
cardiac output, volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute |
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cardiac output aka ______. what is this? |
total flow, volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute |
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total flow regulated by |
autonomic nervous system |
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true or false. the heart can beat on its own. |
true |
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heart rate tightly regulated by |
autonomic nervous system |
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two types of efferent pathways
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sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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vagus nerve: sympathetic or parasympathetic? |
para |
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vagus nerve innervates |
SA node and AV node |
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sympathetic or parasympathetic nn to ventricles? |
sympathetic |
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both sympathetic and parasympathetic nn to ___________
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SA node and AV node |
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what is stroke volume |
how strongly the muscle contracts controls how much volume ejected out of heart per beat |
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blood leaving the heart passes through |
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, back to heart |
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what is important to regulating flow and heart disease? |
pressure exerted by blood in vessels |
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blood pressure = _______ x ________ |
resistance x flow rate (cardiac output) *remember cardiac output = HR x stroke volume |
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high resistance generates what in terms of pressure differentials? |
large pressure differentials |
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vasodilation does what to flow |
increase flow |
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vasoconstriction does what to flow |
decreases flow |
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flow rate is constant or changes along whole path of closed circuit? |
constant |
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small molecules exchanged between ___ and ___ |
capillaries and tissues |
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veins do what |
volume reservoirs, pathway back to heart |
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veins have ___ |
valves |
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which has thicker walls aa or vv |
aa thicker than vv |
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where is actual site of gas exchange with surrounding tissue? |
capillaries |
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blood flow _____ when ____ node is stimulated by sympathetic nervous system? |
increases when SA node stimulated |
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______ increases rate of depolarization of heart m cells |
norepinephrine |
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norepinephrine does what in heart m cells |
increases rate of depolarization, increases HR of pacemakers |
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SA node is a _______ located where? |
pacemaker in right atrium
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if total cross sectional area of all capillaries reduced, what would happen to blood velocity and diffusion? |
both would decrease |
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which vessels serve as blood-volume reservoirs? why? |
veins, can stretch and store blood |
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true or false. open circulatory system does not have any vessels. |
FALSE. has arteries that move blood into spaces within tissue |
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true or false. open circulatory system has vessels. |
true, aa move blood into spaces within tissues |
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in circ system of fish, heart receives what kind of blood from where? |
deoxygenated blood from systemic tissues |
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describe single cycle of heartbeat |
first 2 atria beat, then 2 ventricles beat |
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right ventricle pumps blood through ______ circuit, left ventricle through ______ circuit |
right- pulmonary, left- systemic |
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following low-oxygen blood that returned to heart, what is order of valves? |
right AV, pulmonary, left AV, aortic |
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when is aortic pressure highest: diastole or systole? |
systole |
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what is diastole in healthy resting human heart? |
about 80 mmHg |
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______ circulatory system would be in a frog but not a fruit fly |
closed |
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circulatory systems transport what else? |
hormones |
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which animal would have mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood? which would not? |
turtle would, mouse would not |
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if many arterioles suddenly dilate, what happens to total peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure? |
both decrease |
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why have hearts of some vertebrates evolved to have 4 chambers, when ancestral fish only had 2? |
4 chambers likely evolved to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing |
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what would happen if diameter of single arteriole leading a capillary dilates and doubles in size? |
blood flow through arteriole would increase 16 times!!!!! |
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P wave of EKG corresponds to |
atrial depolarization |
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R wave of EKG corresponds to |
ventricle depolarization |
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T wave of EKG corresponds to |
ventricle REpolarization |
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blood pressure higher in vein or artery? why? |
higher in arteries because blood passing through the veins has already been through the capillary beds |
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aortic valve where? pulmonary valve where? |
aortic- where aorta leaves left ventricle pulmonary- where pulmonary artery leaves right ventricle |
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lungs always return blood into the _________ |
left atrium |
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small delay of signal during heartbeat occurs when? why? |
at AV node, because it allows ventricles to fill with blood and AV valves to close before ventricles contract |
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where is AV node? |
base of right atria |
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explain heartbeat electrical signal direction |
SA node (tip of RA) to AV node (base of RA) to apex back up through ventricles |
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cardiac output = ______ x ______ |
heart rate x stroke volume |
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resistance proportional to inverse of ______ power of _____ |
4th power of radius |
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blood flow indirectly proportional to _______, therefore directly proportional to _____ power of ______ |
resistance, proportional to 4th power of radius |
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blood vessel 2x diameter of another blood vessel has _______x the resistance and _____x the blood flow |
1/16thx resistance, 16x the blood flow |
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which vessel has highest resistance? |
arterioles |
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as cross sectional area increases, blood flows _______ why? |
slower, increased resistance to flow |
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blood flow is slowest in which vessels? why?
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capillary beds, largest cross sectional area |
