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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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“Peace without victory”
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Woodrow Wilson, the lover of peace, was forced to lead a hesitant and peace-loving nation into war. His final attempt to mediate between “embattled belligerents” was one of his most moving addresses, which restated America’s Commitment to neutral rights and declaring that only a negotiated this would prove durable.
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Unlimited Submarine warfare
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In response to Wilson’s speech, the German warlords announced their decision to wage this. They would sink ALL ships, including America’s in the war zone.
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Zimmerman note
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It was an intercepted note from German’s foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann to Mexico. It proposed a secret German-Mexican Alliance, in which Mexico could recover the land it lost, such as New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.
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Russian Revolution
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this had toppled the cruel regime of the tsars. It caused the Russians to back out of the war.
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“War to end wars”/”Make the world safe for democracy”
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The American people did not want a war. They had prided themselves on their isolationism from the periodic outbursts of militarized violence that afflicted the Old World. To stimulate the country, Wilson would have to proclaim more glorified aims. He declared these two goals. With these words, he was able to hypnotize the nation and fire up the public mind to a fever pitch.
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Wilson’s Fourteen Points
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On January 8, 1918, Wilson delivered his famous Fourteen Points Address to an enthusiastic Congress. The first five were, a proposal to abolish secret treaties , which pleased liberals of all countries, freedom of the seas, which appealed to the Germans as well as to the Americans, a removal of economic barriers among nations, which would be comforting to the German’s fear of post war vengeance, the reduction of armament burdens, which was gratifying to taxpayers everywhere, and an adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of both native peoples and colonizers, which was reassuring to the anti-imperialists. The other points held out the hope of independence to oppressed minority groups. The fourteenth point foreshadowed the League of Nations. The points were not appealing to everyone, especially certain leaders of the Allied nations who were eyeing the territorial booty.
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League of Nations
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It was an international organization that Wilson dreamed would provide a system of collective security. It was supposed to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all countries, whether large or small.
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George Creel
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He was a young journalist who was the head of the Committee on Public Information. He was outspoken and tactless, but was gifted with zeal and imagination. His Job was to sell America on the war and sell the world on Wilsonian war aims. His organization employed about 150000 workers at home and overseas and proved that words were indeed weapons. He sent out an army of “four-minute men” who delivered countless speeches contain much “patriotic pep.” He his propaganda took varied forms. Posters were splashed on bill boards, while millions of leaflets and pamphlets, which contained the pungent Wilsonisms, were showered like confetti upon the world. Propaganda booklets were printed by the millions. Hang-the Kaiser movies were made. He however oversold the ideals of Wilson and led the world to expect too much.
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Sedition Act
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It reflected the current fears about Germans and antiwar Americans. Along with the Sedition Act, the Espionage Act of 1917 was pass. Under the two laws, virtually any criticism of the government could be censored and punished.
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Schenck v. United States
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– In this case, the Supreme Court affirmed that the Sedition Act and the Espionage Act were in fact legal; arguing that freedom of speech could be revoked when such speech posed a clear and present danger to the nation.
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War Industries Board (Bernard Baruch)
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Wilson appointed a lone eagle stock speculator, Bernard Baruch to head the War Industries Board. The board, however, had nothing more than feeble formal powers and was disbanded within days after the armistice. It proved that the American preference for laissez-faire and for a weak central government was amazingly strong.
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Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)
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They did no support the Allied cause and engineered some of the most damaging industrial sabotage, but not without reason. They were the victims of some of the shabbiest working conditions in the country. When they protested, many were viciously beaten, arrested, or run out of town.
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Eighteenth Amendment (1919)
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Many of the alcoholic beverages were German descended. The war spawned sprit of self-denial helped accelerate the wave of prohibition that was sweeping the country. The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited all alcoholic drinks.
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Nineteenth Amendment
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After eighty years of suffrage, the women were finally given the right to vote in the Nineteenth Amendment.
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Bolshevik Revolution
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The communistic Bolsheviks, after seizing power in late 1917, ultimately withdrew their beaten country from the capitalistic war early in 1918. This sudden defection released hundreds of thousands of battle tested Germans from the eastern front facing Russia for the western front in France, where, for the first time in the war, they were developing a dangerous superiority in manpower.
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Marshal Foch
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He was the supreme commander of the Allied nations. Until then, the Allies had been fighting imperfectly coordinated actions.
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The Big Four
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The Big Four included, Woodrow Wilson, Premier Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain, and Premier Georges Clemenceau of France. They were the delegates of their nations which hammered out the peace treaty at the Paris Conference.
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Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
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He was the new chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign relations who was also loathed by Wilson. The republicans were angered when Wilson refused to bring Lodge along when going to create the peace treaty.
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Senator William Borah (“Irreconcilables”)
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They trailed Wilson on his presidential tour and spoke in the same cities a few days after Wilson did.
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Treaty of Versailles
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The Germans had capitulated on the strength of assurances that it would be granted peace based on the Fourteen Points. A careful analysis of the treaty shows that only about four of the twenty-three original Wilsonian points and subsequent principles were fully honored. The Allied powers were torn by conflicting aims and many of them sanctioned by secret treaties. Wilson was forced to compromise away some of his less cherished Fourteen Points in order to salvage the more important League of Nations. The treaty however was condemned.
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Lodge’s fourteen reservations
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These safe guards reserved the rights of the United States under the Monroe Doctrine and the Constitution and otherwise sought to protect American sovereignty.
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Warren Harding and the 1920 election
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He was the running candidate for the Republicans who was described as the “folksy” type, quite the opposite of Wilson. He was what the political weathervane began to veer towards. Against him was the Democratic Governor James M. Cox of Ohio, who had strongly supported the League of Nations. His running mate was Franklin D. Roosevelt. Harding suggested that if elected he would work for a vague Association of Nations, but not THE League. With this, he turned the Republican’s victory into a death sentence. The people were tired of the professional browism, star reaching idealism. They were more willing to accept a second rate president.
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