Chapter 31

Front 1

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Back 1

(SCLC) Alliance of church- based African American organizations formed in 1957 and dedicating to ending discrimination

Front 2

Martin Luther King Jr.

Back 2

Led the new organization

Front 3

Nonviolent resistance

Back 3

Protest strategy that calls for peaceful demonstrations and the rejection of violence

Front 4

Sit- ins

Back 4

Demonstrations in which protesters sit down in a location and refuse to leave

Front 5

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Back 5

(SNCC) Student organization formed in 1969 to coordinate civil rights demonstrations and to provide training for protesters

Front 6

Congress of Racial Equality

Back 6

(CORE) Northern- based civil rights group that organized nonviolent protests

Front 7

Freedom Riders

Back 7

A group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Front 8

T. Eugene Connor

Back 8

Birmingham's city commissioner of public safety blamed the Freedom Riders for the violence

Front 9

Diane Nash

Back 9

SNCC leader that explained why the SNCC refused to comply with the president's request

Front 10

James Meredith

Back 10

African American applicant to the University of Mississippi

Front 11

Medgar Evers

Back 11

NAACp field secretary that was killed by a white assassin

Front 12

Laurie Pritchett

Back 12

Police Chief that was prepared for the demonstrations, he arranged to fill all the jails in the surrounding areas with protesters

Front 13

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Back 13

Law banning racial discrimination in the use of public facilities and in employment practices

Front 14

Robert Moses

Back 14

He selected McComb, Mississippi, a town of 12,000 citizens

Front 15

Council of Federated Organizations

Back 15

(COFO) Group created by several civil rights organizations to coordinate voter registration drives in the 1960s

Front 16

Twenty- fourth Amendment

Back 16

(1964) Constitutional amendment that banned the payment of poll taxes as a condition for voting in federal elections

Front 17

Freedom Summer

Back 17

Campaign to register African American voters in Mississippi during the summer of 1964

Front 18

Andrew Goodman

Back 18

College student from New York, arrived in Mississippi on June 20

Front 19

James Chaney

Back 19

CORE worker disappeared, body discovered six weeks later, buried in an earthen dam

Front 20

Michael Schwerner

Back 20

CORE worker disappeared, body discovered six weeks later, buried in an earthen dam

Front 21

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Back 21

(MFDP) Group that sent its own delegates to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to protest discrimination against black voters in Mississippi

Front 22

Fannie Lou Hamer

Back 22

African American who lost her job and her house when she registered to vote in 1962, among MFDP delegates

Front 23

Voting Rights Act

Back 23

(1965) Law that put voter registration under federal government control

Front 24

James Farmer

Back 24

CORE director that explained " we no longer are a tight fellowship of a few dedicated advocates of a brilliant new method of social change. We are now a large family spawned by the union of the method oriented pioneers and the righteously indignant ends oriented militants"

Front 25

Nation of Islam

Back 25

Black Muslims; black nationalist religious group founded by Wallace D. Fard in 1930

Front 26

Elijah Muhammad

Back 26

Leader of the Nation of Islam claimed 8,000 members, preached a message of black nationalism

Front 27

Malcolm X

Back 27

Charismatic young minister, the growth of the Nation of Islam was in part of his work

Front 28

Stokely Carmichael

Back 28

SNCC noted "What you want is the nation to be upset when anybody is killed.... It's almost like, for this to be recognized, a white person must be killed. Well, what does that say?"

Front 29

Black Power

Back 29

Black separatist movement that grew out of frustration with the slow pace of the civil rights movement

Front 30

Bobby Seale

Back 30

Worked with Huey Newton at an antipoverty center in Oakland, California

Front 31

Huey Newton

Back 31

Worked with Bobby Seale at an antipoverty center in Oakland, California

Front 32

Black Panther Party

Back 32

Political organization formed in the 1960s that called for empowerment of and defense for African Americans

Front 33

Kerner Commission

Back 33

Federal commission that investigated the 1960s riots and blamed them on white racism

Front 34

Poor People's Campaign

Back 34

Martin Luther King Jr.'s proposal movement to protest the believed misuse of government spending away from antipoverty programs

Front 35

Ralph Abernathy

Back 35

Told the marchers on their way to Capitol Hill, "We have business on the road to freedom... We must prove to white America that you can kill the leader but you cannot kill the dream."

Front 36

Busing

Back 36

Sending children to schools outside of their neighborhoods, usually to promote integration

Front 37

Affirmative action

Back 37

Practice by some government agencies, businesses and schools of giving preference to ethnic minorities and women in admissions and hiring

Front 38

University of California vs. Bakke

Back 38

(1978) Supreme Curt decision that established that while some forms of affirmative action were legal, quota systems were not

Front 39

Allan Bakke

Back 39

White man that had been unfairly denied admission to medical school on the basis of quotas

Front 40

Quotas

Back 40

System of reserving a fixed number of openings in schools or jobs for certain groups of people

Front 41

Carl Stokes

Back 41

Elected mayor of Cleveland, first African American to be elected mayor of a major US city

Front 42

National Black Political Convention

Back 42

(1972) Meeting of civil rights activists to ensure African Americans would continue to gain political influence