Chapter 30 Cold Blooded Vertebrates

Front 1

largest and most advanced animals with all species having 1) hollow dorsal nerve cord, 2) protective structure known as noto cord which lies on top of or surrounds the dorsal nerve cord, 3) at some point have gill slits in throat, 4) at some point have tail which extends beyond the anal opening.

Back 1

Chordata

Front 2

Most primitive chordates that have all of the chordate characteristics during the larva stage only. Adults are sessile filter feeders known as tunicates, which have none of the chordate characteristics. When present notocord lies on top of the dorsal nerve cord.

Back 2

Urochordates

Front 3

Commonly known as the lancelets. Free swimming scavengers with a body structure nearly identical to the larvae of urochordates. Notochord lies on top of the dorsal nerve cord.

Back 3

Cephalochordates

Front 4

Type of mutation in which a larva gains the ability to reproduce theoretically allowing cephalochordates to evolve from urochordates.

Back 4

Neotomy

Front 5

Largest and most common chordates. All species have paired appendages. Muscles are arranged throughout the body in functional blocks known as myomeres. Notochord completely surrounds dorsal cord.

Back 5

Vertebrates

Front 6

Jawless fish. Have long slender eel-like bodies. Fins are located on tail only. Gill slits are exposed and uncovered. Skeleton is made entirely of cartilage and does not feature a hinged jaw. Have a sucker-like mouth known as the cyclostone.

Back 6

Agnatha

Front 7

Blood feeding parasites. Both freshwater and ocean species. Have ability to bleed to death any fish they attach to.

Back 7

Lampreys

Front 8

Blind scavengers found in ocean waters only. Have a series of small tentacles called barbels that surround the mouth helping them to find food by the sense of touch. Skin contains a series of glands that can produce large amounts of mucus making their bodies slippery as a means of defense.

Back 8

Hagfish

Front 9

commonly known as the cartilage fish. skeleton is made of cartilage featuring a hinged functional jaw. have fins covering most of the body. gill slits remain uncovered through life.

Back 9

chondrichthyes

Front 10

characteristic of all chondrichthyes. majority of fin lies above bodies midline.

Back 10

heterocercal tail

Front 11

lightweight oil that fills the body cavity of chondrichthyes giving them a set buoyancy value in water.

Back 11

squalene

Front 12

small tooth-like structures covering the skin of chondrichthyes that can be used as a defensive weapon.

Back 12

placoid scales

Front 13

found only in the Pacific Ocean. have an eel-like body w/ shark-like fins and rodent-like teeth and eyes. nocturnal, feed on algae and seaweed growing on coastal rocks.

Back 13

chimerae

Front 14

have a flattened body w/ wing-like fins. all species are predators feeding on small fish, crabs, etc. have a series of non-venomous spines along the length of their tail. r either have no spine or a single venomous stinger.

Back 14

rays and skates

Front 15

Amazon River (South America) can generate electric currents to stun small fish and other prey.

Back 15

torpedo rays

Front 16

largest and most diverse chondrichthyes. predators. found in all oceans and seas.

Back 16

sharks

Front 17

small pits around nose and mouth of a shark that can detect electrical currents in the water in order to locate prey.

Back 17

ampullae of Lorenzini

Front 18

largest species of fish known. feed exclusively on plankton and small fish.

Back 18

whale shark

Front 19

found in the Pacific Ocean around the Phillipine Islands. account for greatest number of attacks on humans and human fatalities caused by sharks each year.

Back 19

mako

Front 20

Boned fish. Most common class of fish. All species have a skeleton made of mostly bone. Cartilage found only in joints.

Back 20

Osteichthyes

Front 21

Characteristic of all osteichthyes. Tail fin tissue is evenly distributed above and below the bodies midline.

Back 21

Homocercal tail

Front 22

Flat overlapping structure that completely covers the skin helping to protect them from parasites.

Back 22

Ganoid scales

Front 23

Hinged flap of bone covering the gills protecting them from attack and fanning water over them to help the fish breathe.

Back 23

Operculum

Front 24

Membranous sac occupying a large portion of a fish’s body surrounded by blood vessels that can pump CO2 into or out of the sac to change the bouancy.

Back 24

Float bladder

Front 25

found in Austrailia and South Africa. fins and gills are modified to allow for brief periods of existence on dry land as they crawl from one pond to another. can dig burrows in the mud where they can lay dormant during drought in process known as estivation.

Back 25

lungfish

Front 26

found only in the Indian Ocean. fins are supported by thick rigid bones that greatly reduce their flexibility and movement. only one known species survives today called coeacanth.

Back 26

lobe-finned fish

Front 27

most common type of fish found in all of Earth's oceans, lakes, and streams. fins are supported by long, thin, flexible bones called lays? which give them an extremely wide range of motion.

Back 27

ray-finned fish

Front 29

characterized by having larvae that use gills to breathe which then develop into adults that use lungs for respiration. transformation from a larva into an adult is caused by increases of thyroid hormones in their blood. all species must lay eggs in waterso that larvae can breathe and keep from dehydrating. most rapidly disappearing class of animals due to sensitivity to pollution
and destruction of their habitats.

Back 29

amphibia

Front 30

legless amphibians found in tropical South America. external structure similar to earthworms but have functional eyes and jaws. predators that feed mainly on worms in the soil around lakes and streams.

Back 30

caecilians

Front 31

have a lizard-like body making best suited amphibians for life on land though they must still remain near water for reproduction. s- have a rounded tail and clawed feet more suited for life on land. n webbed feet and flat paddle shaped tail making mostly aquatic animals.

Back 31

newts and salamanders

Front 32

larval newts and salamanders characterized by feathery gills attached to the external surface of their throat.

Back 32

eft

Front 33

packets of sperm deposited onto the ground by male salamanders or newts. females crawl over to fertilize their eggs.

Back 33

spermatophores

Front 34

oxygen diffuses directly into blood through capillaries in skin.

Back 34

cutaneous respiration

Front 35

largest and most diverse amphibians. predators. feed mainly on insects but larger species can consume fish and other small animals. f- have a relatively thin skin and webbed feet making more aquatic. t- thick, bumpy skin with a toed foot and are more terrestrial.

Back 35

frogs and toads

Front 36

single fused bone surrounding the lower spinal cord providing additional protection for the cord and an attachment point for large muscles for the hip and thigh,

Back 36

urostyle

Front 37

reproductive behavoir unique to frogs and toads; male physically squeezes eggs from female's body and then fertilizes them with sperm released from his body.

Back 37

amplexus

Front 38

structures in the skin of most frogs and toads which produce compounds that are toxic, allergenic, or hallucinogenic as a defense mechanism.

Back 38

cutaneous glands

Front 39

family of highly toxic frog species found throughout Central and South America. produce one of most powerful naturally occuring toxins on Earth.

Back 39

poison dart frogs

Front 40

characteristic of all reptiles and birds. shell allows movement of gases into and out of the egg but prevents loss of water.

Back 40

amniotic egg

Front 41

outer leathery boundary of the egg that will allow oxygen and CO2 to pass through it while preventing the movement of water.

Back 41

shell

Front 42

membrane lining the inner surface of the shell producing a watery material known as amniotic fluid that supports the embryos weight and acts as a liquid shock absorber.

Back 42

amnion

Front 43

one of a series of membranes filled with capillaries and ??? from the embryo's body to the airspace bringing blood to the airspace bringing blood to the airspace where gas exchange can occur.

Back 43

chorio-amnion

Front 44

a membrane that produces and stores protein and carbohydrate rich fluids which the embryo absorbs and uses for food.

Back 44

yolk sac

Front 45

membrane sac that isolates the embryo's waste preventing the egg from becoming contaminated until the time of hatching.

Back 45

allantois

Front 46

Lizard-like animals found only in the islands of New Zealand. Have a 3rd partial eye on top of head which allows them to detect their main natural enemies, hawks and eagles. Highly endangered b/c of cats and dogs introduced into their environment.

Back 46

Tuataras

Front 47

Based on fossil evidence, the most ancient group of reptiles. All species have a thick dorsal shell known as the carapace directly fused to their vertebrae and a thinner softer shell on ventral surface known as plastron, fused to sternum and ribs. T- have a streamlined shell w/ webbed feet and muscular valves that conceal the shell making it watertight. T- have a domed shell w/o muscular valves.

Back 47

Turtles and tortoises

Front 48

Thought to be one of the most recently evolved groups of reptiles.

Back 48

Lizards

Front 49

Only two venomous lizards known. G- Southwestern US. B- Mexico

Back 49

Gila monster and beaded lizard

Front 50

Largest lizard on Earth found in islands of Indonesia. Saliva contains bacteria which can cause even minor bites to be fatal due to massive blood infections.

Back 50

Komodo dragon

Front 51

Largest most diverse reptiles. Species lack legs and external ears making them completely deaf.

Back 51

Snakes

Front 52

Extremely thin and packed full of nerve endings which allow snakes to be highly sensitive to vibrations in the ground.

Back 52

Ventral scales

Front 53

Allows skull bones to expand and jaw to be dislocated so that prey bigger than the head can be swallowed.

Back 53

Kinetic skull