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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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James Watts and his Steam Engine
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-James Watt invented the steam engine in 1765. It was the most crucial tech. breakthrough of early ind. era
-especially prominent in the textile industry -sign:grtr productivity for manuf. and cheaper prices for consumers |
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Factory System
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-replaced the putting-out system and the protoindustrial factories
-each worker performed a specific task -new social classes; low wages; long working hours; strict and immediate suprvision -sign:production of manuf. goods at a much faster pace and more profitable |
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Luddites
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-organized bands of English handicraft workers
-went on rampage and destroyed machines because of their anger towards low wages and unemployment -sign:began the protest against the machines and the methods of work in order to ensure their own safety |
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Adam Smith
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-wrote the "Wealth Of Nations" to describe the new system of manuf. in which a worker is assigned a specific task to perform
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Eli Whitney
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-an American inventor who is best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin(1793)
-developed the tech. of using machine tools to produce lrg quantities of interchangeable parts in firearms -sign:entrepreneurs applied Whitney's method to the manuf. of everything |
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Corporation
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-private businesses owned by 100's, 1000's of indiv. = institutional investors who financed the business through the purchas of stocksthat rep. shares
-quickly became the most common form of business org. in ind. societies -when ccorp. flourished, investors got $ -when corp. went bankrupt, laws protected investors |
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Thomas Malthus
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-(1766-1834) an English economist and pioneer of modern population study
-wrote "Essay on the Principle of Population" which said that we were going to use up all resources and die -sign:spawned a birth control mvmnt that within a relatively short time championed more practical methods of conttraception |
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Crystal Palace
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-magnificent structure made of iron = glass that enclosed trees, gardens, fountains, and manuf. products
-sign:served as a sort of exhibition to ponder upn the tech adv. made during the ind. era |
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The demographic transition
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-fertility rates and mortality rates declined
-lower popl. growth + relative demographic stability -declining fertility due to voluntary birth control |
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Monopolies, trusts, cartels
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-one:business firms formed assoc. to restrict markets or estab. monop.
-two:lrg scale business org. formed trusts + cartels -cartel:ensure prosperity of members by absorbing corp, fixing prices, reg. production, or dividing markets -sign:common goal:to control supply of products and its price in the market |
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Utopian socialist
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-worked to estab. ideal communities that would pt. the way to an equitable society
-Charles Fouries(love) and Robert Owen(New Lenarck transformer) -soon folded because it didnt make much profit |
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The Communist Manifesto
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-claimed excess of capitalism would lead to communist rev.
-"dictatorship of the proletariat" would destroy capitalism -socialism would follow; fair, just + egalitarian society |
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Witte
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-reformed commercial law to protect infant corp.
-prom. nautical + engineering schools -encouraged foreign investors |
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Zaibatsu
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-"wealthy cliques" or huge ind. emp.
-gov. owned businesses then sold them to private entrepreneurs who often built zaibatsu -sim. to trusts and cartels |
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Henry Ford
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-introduced assembly line to the automobile production; conveyor system
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Bessemer Converter
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-Henry Bessemer built a refined blast furnace to produce steel cheaply and in large quatities
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Bourgeoisie + Proletariat
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-capitalists(bourgeoisie)
owned ind. machinery and factories; controlled everything; employed the proletariats -proletariat: wageworkers with only their labor to sell |
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Coke
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-purified form of coal
-after 1709 British smelters began using coke rather than charcoal as a fuel to produce iron which was much more expensive |
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Trade Union
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-sought to adv. quest for just + equitable society
-eliminate abuses, improve workers lives by higher wages + better working conditions -sign:forced emplyers to be more responsive to workers needs |
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Russia and Japan
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-ind. was supported by gov. authorities in a way to not "fall behind" the rest of the world
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Mass Production
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-cotton was major factory made product
-factories could mass produce standardized articles -Eli Whitney + Henry Ford contributed greatly |
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Urbanization ((Urban Environment)
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-ind. and popl. growth encouraged urb.
-urb=intensified env. pollution -diseases, low satanity -income dtermined degree of comfort |
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Transcontinental Migration
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-rapid popl. growth in Euro=massive migr. to Americas (U.S.) approx. 50 mil
-migr. reflected diff. political, social, + economic circum. in Euro |
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Marx & Engles
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-most prom. of 19th c. socialists; German theorists
-scorned Utopian socialist -sign:persuaded gov. authorities to attack abuses of ind. + provide sec. of workers |
