Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is subsistent farming?
|
Where villages are responsible to feed themselves
|
|
|
Where did most people live and who did they marry?
|
Most people lived in small villages and married people in their own village.
|
|
|
How did the farmers allow the land to reign in fertility?
|
1 of 3 fields were deemed fallow
|
|
|
What were some crops grown by subsistance farming?
|
Wheat, Oats, Beans, and Corn
|
|
|
What were some disadvantages to subsistance farming?
|
Land was inefficient, pathways to villagers weren't farmed, animals grazed in common pastures destroying crops; spreading disease, and Farmers didn't experiment with new farming methods.
|
|
|
What were some common cash crops?
|
Cotton, coffee, tobacco, and Mary Jane
|
|
|
What were the forces that pushed for change?
|
The population in the UK, growing - more food
|
|
|
In the 1700s what was the pop.?
|
5 million
|
|
|
In the 1800s what was the pop.?
|
9.5 million
|
|
|
What was the "French Blockade"?
|
No corn- more food needed
|
|
|
What is the average pop. now?
|
7.5 Billion
|
|
|
What was the Enclosure Movement?
|
Wealthy landlords fenced in common pastures claiming them as private property and experimental with new farming tech.
|
|
|
What happened because of the Enclosure Movement?
|
Villages lost common lands & political, and peasants became more poor.
|
|
|
What is "crop rotation"?
|
Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop replenished by planting turnips & clover
|
|
|
What did the crop rotation cause?
|
Fields not left inefficiently fallow
|
|
|
What were other discovers of The Agricultural Revolution?
|
The new world (America's) provides Europe: corn (maize) & potato
|
|
|
What did corn provide at the time that was very helpful in farming?
|
Corn provides 20X more seeds than the average grain
|
|
|
What were some of the major averages of the potato?
|
Potato is high in vitamins & minerals, provides high calories, and can be grown on soil too rocky, or sandy for other crops
|
|
|
What was Jethro Tull's most famous invention? And what did it do?
|
The seed drill, invented in 1701, saved 80% of seeds
|
|
|
What were the major results from the Agricultural Revolution?
|
More food available, population increased, and small farmers were forced to become tenants to landlords
|
|
|
What were merchant's roles in the Cottage Industry?
|
Supplied materials- wool and cotton- to be carded and spun. Took supplies from spinning cottage to weaving cottage to sell finished cloth. Merchants sell product for more than material & labor costs = profit+ larger investment = higher profit.
|
|
|
What is Mercantilism?
|
A country should export more than it should import
|
|
|
What should it do, when it does import goods?
|
It should import raw materials & export finished goods
|
|
|
How does the govt. deal with Mercantilism?
|
Heavy regulation of govt.
|
|
|
What is Capitalism?
|
An economic system based on private ownership.
|
|
|
What is it motivated by?
|
It is motivated by self-interest (profit incentive)
|
|
|
What is an entrepreneur?
|
A person who organizes, manages & takes the risks of a businessman
|
|
|
What are the three social classes Capitalism is mostly separated into?
|
Upper Class, Middle Class, and Lower Class
|
|
|
What Capitalism also known as?
|
An economic system based on free competition, open markets
|
|
|
Who wrote the book, An Inquiry into the Wealth of Nations?
|
Adam Smith
|
|
|
What is Capitalisms regards on govt.?
|
It is a "Laissez-faire" or "hands off" policy
|
|
|
What did Adam Smith state in his book?
|
That competition is the "invisible hand", that guides economy
|
|
|
What is most closely associated with the US?
|
Capitalism
|
|
|
What did the new class of merchants get from Capitalism?
|
Big profits
|
|
|
What did Capitalism also provide?
|
An alternative source of income for peasants, and promoted the science and useful arts by securing for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their writings & discoveries.
|
|
|
What is Article 1 Sec 8 of the US Constitution?
|
This granted patents and copy writes to the inventors their properties
|
|
|
What does the Textile Industry have to do with?
|
The textile or "rag trade" has to do with the manufacturing of clothing/ fabrics
|
|
|
What couldn't keep up with the demand for textiles?
|
The cottage industry
|
|
|
Who were the first people to work in the factories?
|
Women
|
|
|
What two inventions improved spinning?
|
The "Spinning Jenny" invented by James Hargreaves, and the Arkwright's "water frame"
|
|
|
What sped up weaving?
|
the power loom
|
|
|
Who invented the cotton gin and what did it do?
|
Eli Whitney, it separated seeds from the cotton
|
|
|
What was the "Rise of the Factory" ?
|
New machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories
|
|
|
Where were factories located?
|
They were located near their power sources; coal, water, iron
|
|
|
What were some effects of Textile Factories in Britain?
|
Prices of mass- produced textiles were much lower than hand-produced items. Britain's textile industry increased enormously. Majority of villagers forced to leave rural areas to find work in urban factories.
|
|
|
What is urbanization?
|
It's when people move from rural areas and go to the urban cities
|
|
|
What were some of the needs for Energy?
|
Early factories relied on horses, oxen, & water mills. Steam engine evolved in response to the increasing need for power
|
|
|
How the steam engines work.
|
Steam forced from high to low pressure produces power
|
|
|
What were the effects of the steam engine?
|
Steam power, used where ever coal existed textile production. Improving mining by plumbing large quantities of water out, which increased metals which in turn fueled other industries.
|
|
|
Who designed the Steam Engine?
|
James Watt
|
|
|
What fueled the need for Iron?
|
Farming tools, new machinery, railways
|
|
|
What is smelting?
|
It is the chemical process that removes impurities from iron ore
|
|
|
What are the needs for coal?
|
Carbon necessary for smelting iron. Steam engines powered by coal.
|
|
|
Henry Bessemer, what did he do?
|
Bessemer reduced smelting time from 7 days to 30 mins, Britain produced more iron than all other countries.
|
|
|
What powered Britain's enormous Navy?
|
Coal
|
|
|
What increased the need to transport goods quickly and cheaply?
|
Increased production
|
|
|
What did pre-industrialization society use for transport?
|
Horses, mules, and dirt roads
|
|
|
What was the Infrastructure of the time like?
|
Stone and eventually asphalt roads, canals
|
|
|
What did the "Rocket" do for the railroad industry and how fast was it?
|
It ushered the railroad industry in at a blazing speed of 29 mp/h in 1829
|
|
|
What were the effects of railroads?
|
Created jobs. In the US it created a large mobile supply of workers that didn't exist in the early 19th century.
|
|
|
What did railroads do to other industries?
|
It fueled the coal, steam engine, iron, steel, and many more manufactured products' industries.
|
|
|
What was Britain's geography like?
|
Damp climate: good for textile production. Plenty of natural resources such as iron & coal.
|
|
|
Why was separation from the European continent good for Britain?
|
It kept them out of wars
|
|
|
What gave Britain the advantage on the factors of production over the European continent which remained isolated?
|
Possession of land, labor & capital
|
|
|
What was Britain's govt. like?
|
Internal trade encouraged, population allowed to relocate, and helped build canals & roads.
|
|
|
What were Britain's social factors?
|
British Society less rigid than other European countries.
|
|
|
What did the colonial empire provide for the whole of Britain?
|
Supplied raw material for manufacturing goods, and provided a market for selling finished products.
|
|
|
What was the advantage of Industrializing first?
|
No other countries competing for manufactured goods, Monopoly on technology
|
|
|
In the Victorian age, what were women expected to do?
|
Dress modestly, stay home, obey their husbands, and take care of the family.
|
|
|
How did cholera spread?
|
Through overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions
|
|
|
What did the Public Health Act of 1875 demand?
|
Towns pave, light, and clean streets and appoint a medical officer, and water purification systems be put into effect.
|
|
|
What did local govts. set up?
|
Bath houses, and the sale of milk with formaldehyde was prohibited.
|
|
|
What did Louis Pasteur do to improve health conditions?
|
He experimented with germs to improve health by purifying milk
|
|
|
What did Quakers set up?
|
Soup kitchens to feed the starving
|
|
|
What did Samuel Morse invent?
|
He invented the telegraph and put the Pony Express out of business.
|
|
|
What did Alexander Graham Bell invent?
|
The telephone
|
|
|
What did Marconi invent?
|
The wireless radio
|
|
|
What did Thomas Edison invent?
|
The light bulb and obtained over 1000 other patents
|
|
|
Who were Nativists?
|
US citizens who felt foreigners, or immigrants, shouldn't get jobs over Americans
|
|
|
What did Henry Ford successfully invent?
|
The first successful assembly line
|
|
|
What were Irish & Chinese immigrants crucial to the completion of?
|
The Transcontinental Railroad
|
|
|
Before 1832 who were the only people that were allowed to vote representatives into Parliament?
|
Landlords
|
|
|
What did the 1833 Althorp's Act ban?
|
Children under the age of 9 from working
|
|
|
How long could kids ages 9-13 work for?
|
9 hours a day
|
|
|
How long could kids ages 13-18 work for?
|
Only 12 hours a day
|
|
|
What did Parliament ban in 1842?
|
Banned mine owners from employing females and boys under the age of 10
|
|
|
How did Unions form in the 1700s?
|
Trade Clubs were formed by the skilled workers to bargain with employers.
|
|
|
When was the Combination act formed and what did it do?
|
In the early 19th century, it prevented Unions from organizing
|
|
|
What did both British and US govts. support?
|
Big business
|
|
|
What happened in 1870 with British Unions?
|
They finally won the right to strike without being held legally liable for financial damage inflicted on employers.
|
|
|
What were "scabs"?
|
They were replacement workers willing to cross the picket line
|
|
|
What did Unions provide?
|
Strength through unity, they fought for higher pay, they fought for shorter working hours, and safer working conditions
|
|
|
What are the results of Unions today?
|
Workman's comp., Min. wage, Safe workplace laws.
|
|
|
What did Elias Howe invent?
|
The sewing machine
|
|
|
What did Eli Whitney invent?
|
The cotton gin which revolutionized the textile industry
|
|
|
What was "Hold the Fort"?
|
A folk song of the British Transport Worker's Union
|
|
|
What type of families were Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels born into?
|
Middle class families
|
|
|
What was Marx outraged at?
|
At unequal distribution of wealth
|
|
|
What did Marx feel that management do to workers?
|
Exploited them
|
|
|
What did Marx do in response?
|
He founded the Communist League in London
|
|
|
What did Marx & Engels co-write?
|
Communist Manifesto (set of beliefs), which was a critique of capitalism
|
|
|
What does the book suggest?
|
It suggests that wealth and power would naturally concentrate in the hands of the Bourgeoisie (those who controlled the means of production)
|
|
|
What did Marx predict about the working class?
|
That the proletariat (the working class) would become angry at being exploited
|
|
|
What would the proletariat do to the people who control their means of production?
|
They would unite and produce a short but violent revolution to overthrow them
|
|
|
What would result?
|
A dictatorship of the production
|
|
|
What would the final result be?
|
A classless society where wealth would be distributed evenly
|
|
|
From what did Utilitarianism emerge and what was it?
|
From the Industrial Revolution, and was the idea that govts. should intervene in an economy in order to improve.
|
|
|
Who was Robert Owen?
|
He was a successful businessman who made his $$$ in the textile industry
|
|
|
What did he do with his $$$?
|
He was a philanthropist who used his $$$ for the betterment of society
|
|
|
What did he believe in?
|
That people are shaped by their surroundings
|
|
|
What would changing the working conditions do for the workers?
|
It would make them happier and healthier, and in turn they would work harder
|
|
|
Who were Utopians?
|
People who sought to create a perfect society on earth
|
|
|
What did Utopians believed was the best suited govt.?
|
Socialism
|
