Chapter 3 - The Molecules Of Life

Front 1

Macromolecule

Back 1

Large molecule

Front 2

Monomer

Back 2

Small groups of organic molecules

Front 3

Polymer

Back 3

Organic molecules are built from joining monomers together

Front 4

Organic Molecule

Back 4

Molecules built around carbon atom (the central atom) and chains of carbon atoms often form the base of these molecules

Front 5

Functional group

Back 5

Additional groups attached to carbon atom

Front 6

Dehydration synthesis

Back 6

Chemical reaction of joining monomers making polymers

Front 7

Carbohydrates

Back 7

- Contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen (carbohydrate is "hydrated (H2O) carbon")

- Immédiate energy and energy storage

Front 8

Simple Carbohydrates

Back 8

- Monosaccharides

- Disaccharides

- Simple sugars provide immediate energy to the body

Front 9

Complex Carbohydrates

Back 9

- Consist of many monomers linked together to form polysaccharides

- Store energy for organisms

Front 10

Monosaccharides

Back 10

Carbohydrates that consist of only one sugar unit (glucose is a very important - carries energy to body)

Front 11

Disaccharides

Back 11

Two sugar units joined by dehydration synthesis

Front 12

Polysaccharides

Back 12

- Many monomers linked together to form long polymers

- Starch is the energy storage molecule found in plants

- Glycogen is the energy storage molecule found in animals

Front 13

Lipids

Back 13

- Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but in different proportions than sugars

- Store energy (organisms convert excess carbohydrate into lipids for energy storage)

- Nonpolar (not water-soluble)

- Types of lipids: fats, phospholipids steroids

Front 14

Fats

Back 14

- Composed of fatty acids and glycerolIn fats (the fatty acids are attached to glycerol by dehydration synthesis)

Types of fats: saturated fats, unsaturated fats

Front 15

Saturated Fats

Back 15

Contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms, these molecules have all carbon atoms joined by single bonds, and are solid at room temperature

Front 16

Unsaturated Fats

Back 16

- Do not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

- Include some double bonds

- More liquid at room temperature

- Has "bends" in the chain where the double bonds occur (causes the fat to spread out and be more liquid than the condensed saturated are an important part of cell fat)

Front 17

Fatty Acids & Glycero

Back 17

Attached to glycerol by dehydration synthesis

Front 18

Phospholipid

Back 18

- Important part of cell membrane

Front 19

Steroids

Back 19

Examples of important steroids include cholesterol, and the male and female sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen)

Front 20

Why is carbon so well suited to form the basis of chemistry life?

Back 20

It forms 4 bonds and so gives variety to molecules, and it forms covalent bonds and so gives strength to molecules

Front 21

6.Fill in the following for carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids:

a. What is this molecule composed of?

b. What's the monomer of this macromolecule?

c. What are the properties of this macromolecule?

d. What kind of reaction builds the polymer?

e. List the types of molecules in this class of macromolecules.

f. What is the function of each type?

Back 21

a) C, H, and O

b) monosaccharide

c) hydrophilic, simple sugars are for immediate storage, complex carbohydrates are for energy storage or structure

d) dehydration reaction

e) monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, and cellulose)

f) monosaccharides and disaccharides are for immediate energy, glycogen is an energy storage molecule in animas, starch is an energy storage molecule in plants, cellulose is a structural element in plants (and provides fiber to animal diets) (also, humans can digest starch for energy, but cannot digest cellulose)

Front 22

What are the characteristics of lipids? what are lipids composed of?

Back 22

Lipids are hydrophobic; lipids are composed of C, H, and O, but in different proportions than that found in carbohydrates

Front 23

List all types of lipids

Back 23

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Front 24

What's difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?

Back 24

A saturated fat contains only single bonds between the carbon atoms and carry the maximum number of hydrogen atoms; unsaturated fats contain some double bonded carbon atoms and do not carry the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

Front 25

Where are phospholipids found?

Back 25

In cell membranes

Front 26

List some steroid molecules

Back 26

Sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen)

Front 27

What is the monomer of a protein?

Back 27

Amino acid

Front 28

What type of bond joins the monomers of a protein (ionic, covalent, hydrogen)? What is the specific name given to this bond in a protein?

Back 28

- Covalent

- Peptide bond

Front 29

All amino acids have a central carbon atom. List the 4 atoms or groups of atoms that will be bonded to this carbon atom. Which of these groups is different in each amino acid?

Back 29

- The 4 groups are a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group

- The R group will be different in each of the 20 types of amino acids

Front 30

What happens to a protein when it "denatures"? What conditions may lead to the denaturation of a protein? Can a denatured protein perform its function?

Back 30

- Loses its tertiary structure and "unravels"; conditions that lead to this are changes in pH, temperature, salt concentration

- Denatured protein cannot perform its function

Front 31

What determines protein's primary, secondary, tertiary structure?

Back 31

(1) The sequence of amino acids

(2) The folding of the protein driven by interactions between the polar and nonpolar regions

(3) The position of nonpolar amino acids (and interactions involving the R groups)

Front 32

19.What must occur for a protein to have a quarternary structure?

Back 32

Must contain 2 or more polypeptides

Front 33

Functions of protein molecules?

Back 33

Transport, immune function (antibodies), movement, catalysis, cell signaling

Front 34

What is the monomer of nucleic acid?

Back 34

A nucleotide

Front 35

What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Which part is different in each nucleotide (specifically, in each DNA nucleotide)?

Back 35

- A 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

- The base is different in each nucleotide - there are 4 different bases possible in DNA

Front 36

In a nucleotide chain, what forms the linkage from one nucleotide to the next nucleotide?

Back 36

A bond between the sugar unit of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the second nucleotide - this forms a sugar-phosphate linkage

Front 37

What are two types of nucleic acids?

Back 37

DNA and RNA

Front 38

What does DNA's double helix mean?

Back 38

DNA has 2 strands of nucleotides

Front 39

What part of each nucleotide bonds the two strands of a DNA molecule together? What type of a bond occurs at this point?

Back 39

- The bases

- Hydrogen bond

Front 40

What are the base pairing rules in DNA molecule?

Back 40

A(adenine) always binds to T(thymine) , and C(cytosine) always binds to G(guanine)

Front 41

What is the function of DNA? RNA?

Back 41

- To store genetic information

- To help express the information through protein synthesis

Front 42

If one strand of DNA has the base sequence ATTCGC, what will be the base sequence of the other strand?

Back 42

TAAGCG

Front 43

Is RNA double or single-stranded?

Back 43

Single stranded