Chapter 3: The Human Body

Front 1

tissues

Back 1

collections of cells adapted to perform a specific function

Front 2

organ

Back 2

group of tissues designed to perform a specific function; ex. heart

Front 3

organ system

Back 3

collection of organs that work together to perform an overall function

Front 4

organelle

Back 4

compartments, particles, or filaments that perform specialized functions within a cell

Front 5

phospholipid

Back 5

any one of a group of fat-related substances that contain:

1. phosphorus

2. fatty acids

3. nitrogen-containing compound

essential to cell

Front 6

enzyme

Back 6

compound that speeds rate of chemical process but is not altered by process; usually a protein

Front 7

cytoplasm

Back 7

fluid and organelles (not nucleus) in cell

Front 8

anaerobic

Back 8

not requiring oxygen

Front 9

mitochondria

Back 9

organelles that are main sites of energy production in cell; contain pathway for oxidizing fat for fuel, & other functions

Front 10

aerobic

Back 10

requires oxygen

Front 11

cell nucleus

Back 11

organelle bound by own double membrane & containing chromosomes (genetic info for cell protein synthesis & cell replication)

Front 12

chromosome

Back 12

single large DNA molecule & proteins; contains genes to store & transmit genetic info

Front 13

gene

Back 13

segment of chromosome; blueprint for production of cell proteins

Front 14

DNA

Back 14

site of hereditary info in cells; directs synthesis of cell proteins

Front 15

RNA

Back 15

single-stranded nucleic acid involved in transcription of genetic info & translation of info into protein structure

Front 16

transcription

Back 16

process by which genetic info stored as DNA within nucleus is copied to RNA during protein synthesis

Front 17

ribosomes

Back 17

cytoplasmic particles that help the linking together of amino acids to form proteins; either in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Front 18

translation

Back 18

process by which genetic info copied onto RNA dictates amino acid sequence to form protein

Front 19

gene expression

Back 19

use of DNA info on a gene to produce protein

Front 20

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 20

organelle composed of network of canals running through cytoplasm; contains ribosomes

Front 21

golgi complex

Back 21

cell organelle near nucleus that processes newly synthesized protein for secretion or distribution to other organelles

Front 22

secretory vesicles

Back 22

membrane-bound vesicles produced by Golgi complex; contain protein and other compounds to be secreted by cell

Front 23

lysosome

Back 23

cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes for use inside cell for turnover of cell parts

Front 24

peroxisome

Back 24

cell organelle that destroys toxic products within cell

Front 25

ATP

Back 25

main energy for cells; used to promote ion pumping, enzyme activity, muscular contraction

Front 26

epithelial tissue

Back 26

surface cells that line outside of body and all external passages within it

Front 27

connective tissue

Back 27

protein tissue that holds different structures in body together; tendons, cartilage

Front 28

muscle tissue

Back 28

type of tissue adapted to contract to cause movement

Front 29

nervous tissue

Back 29

tissue composed of highly branched, elongated cells that transport nerve impulses from one part of body to another

Front 30

cardiovascular system

Back 30

body system consisting of heart, blood vessels, and blood; transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout body, plays role in immune responses and regulates body temp

Front 31

lymphatic system

Back 31

system of vessels and lymph that accepts fluid surrounding cells and large particles, such as products of fat absorption; lymph passes into bloodstream from this system

Front 32

lymph

Back 32

clear fluid that flows through lymph vessels; carries most forms of fat after absorption by small intestine

Front 33

plasma

Back 33

1st extracellular portion of circulating blood; includes blood serum plus all blood-clotting factors; serum is fluid that remains after clotting factors have been removed from plasma

Front 34

artery

Back 34

blood vessel that carries blood away from heart

Front 35

capillary

Back 35

microscopic blood vessel that connects smallest arteries and veins; site of nutrient, oxygen, and waste exchange between body cells and blood

Front 36

vein

Back 36

blood vessel that carries blood to heart

Front 37

hepatic portal circulation

Back 37

portion of circulatory system that uses portal vein to carry nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in intestines and portions of stomach to liver

Front 38

hepatic portal vein

Back 38

large vein leaving intestine and stomach and connecting to liver

Front 39

lymphatic system

Back 39

system of vessels and lymph that accepts fluid surrounding cells and large particles, such as products of fat absorption; lymph passes into bloodstream from this system

Front 40

urinary system

Back 40

kidneys, urinary bladder, ducts that carry urine; removes waste products from circulatory system and regulates blood acid-base balance, overall chemical balance, and water balance

Front 41

ureter

Back 41

tube that transports urine from kidney to bladder

Front 42

urethra

Back 42

tube that transports urine from bladder to outside of body

Front 43

urea

Back 43

nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism; big source of nitrogen

Front 44

pH

Back 44

measure of relative acidity or alkalinity of solution; 0 to 14; pH of 7 = neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is alkaline

Front 45

erythropoietin

Back 45

hormone secreted by kidneys that enhances red blood cell synthesis and stimulates red blood cell release from bone marrow

Front 46

nervous system

Back 46

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors; detects sensations, directs movements, controls physiological and intellectual functions

Front 47

neuron

Back 47

structural and functional unit of nervous system; cell body, dendrites and an axon

Front 48

synapse

Back 48

space between one neuron and another neuron (or cell)

Front 49

neurotransmitter

Back 49

compound made by a nerve cell that allows for communication between it and other cells

Front 50

norepinephrine

Back 50

neurotransmitter from nerve endings and hormone from adrenal gland; released in times of stress, involved in hunger regulation, blood glucose regulation, other processes

Front 51

epinephrine

Back 51

adrenaline; released by adrenal glands (on kidneys) at times of stress; acts to increase glycogen breakdown in liver, other functions

Front 52

myelin

Back 52

lipid and protein combo (lipoprotein) that covers nerve fibers

Front 53

endocrine system

Back 53

various glands and hormones the glands secrete; regulatory functions in body (ie reproduction and cell metabolism)

Front 54

endocrine gland

Back 54

hormone-producing gland

Front 55

insulin

Back 55

hormone produced by pancreas; increases synthesis of glycogen in liver and movement of glucose from bloodstream into body cells

Front 56

thyroid hormones

Back 56

produced by thyroid gland that regulate growth and metabolic rate

Front 57

receptor

Back 57

site in cell at which compounds (ie hormones) bind; cells that contain receptors for a specific compound are partly controlled by compound

Front 58

white blood cells

Back 58

leukocytes; able to squeeze through intracellular spaces and migrate; eat bacteria, fungi, viruses, detoxify proteins that might result from allergic reactions, cellular injury, and other immune system cells

Front 59

phagocytosis

Back 59

process in which cell forms an indentation, and particles or fluids enter indentation and are engulfed by cell

Front 60

nonspecific immunity

Back 60

defenses that stop invasion of pathogens; requires no previous encounter with pathogen; innate immunity

Front 61

specific immunity

Back 61

function of white blood cells directed at specific antigens; adaptive immunity

Front 62

antibody

Back 62

blood protein that binds foreign proteins found in body; immunoglobulin; helps prevent and control infections

Front 63

antigen

Back 63

substance that induces state of sensitivity and/or resistance to microorganisms or toxic substances after lag period; foreign substance that stimulates specific aspect of immune system

Front 64

digestive system

Back 64

gastrointestinal tract and organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)

mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes

Front 65

digestion

Back 65

process by which large molecules are mechanically and chemically broken down to produce basic nutrients that can be absorbed across wall of GI tract

Front 66

absorption

Back 66

substances are taken up from GI tract and enter bloodstream or lymph

Front 67

GI tract

Back 67

main sites in body used for digestion and absorption of nutrients; mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus ; digestive tract

Front 68

lumen

Back 68

hollow opening inside a tube, ex GI tract

Front 69

motility

Back 69

ability to move spontaneously; movement of food through GI tract

Front 70

saliva

Back 70

watery fluid produced by glands in mouth, has lubricants, enzymes, other substances

Front 71

amylase

Back 71

starch-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands and pancreas

Front 72

lipase

Back 72

fat-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands, stomach, pancreas

Front 73

mucus

Back 73

thick fluid secreted by many cells throughout body; compound with carb and protein parts; lubricant and protection for cells

Front 74

protease

Back 74

protein-digesting enzyme produced by stomach, small intestine, pancreas

Front 75

esophagus

Back 75

tube in GI tract that connects pharynx with stomach

Front 76

pharynx

Back 76

organ of digestive tract and respiratory tract located at back of oral and nasal cavities, throat

Front 77

epiglottis

Back 77

flap that folds down over trachea while swallowing

Front 78

bolus

Back 78

moistened mass of food swallowed from oral cavity into pharynx

Front 79

peristalsis

Back 79

muscle contraction used to propel food down GI tract

Front 80

lower esophageal sphincter

Back 80

circular muscle that constricts opening of esophagus to stomach; gastroesophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter

Front 81

chyme

Back 81

mix of stomach secretions and partially digested food

Front 82

pyloric sphincter

Back 82

ring of smooth muscle between stomach and small intestine

Front 83

intrinsic factor

Back 83

proteinlike compound produced by stomach that enhances vitamin B-12 absorption

Front 84

duodenum

Back 84

1st segment of small intestine that receives chyme from stomach and digestive juices from pancreas and gallbladder

lots of chemical digestion of nutrients

10 inches of small intestine

Front 85

jejunum

Back 85

middle segment of small intestine

4 feet of small intestine

Front 86

ileum

Back 86

last segment of small intestine

5 feet of small intestine

Front 87

villi

Back 87

fingerlike protrusions into small intestine that participate in digestion and absorption of food

Front 88

absorptive cells

Back 88

enterocytes; intestinal cells that line villi and participate in nutrient absorption

Front 89

microvilli

Back 89

extensive folds on muscosal surface of absorptive cells

Front 90

ileocecal sphincter

Back 90

ring of smooth muscle between end of small intestine and beginning of large intestine

Front 91

probiotic

Back 91

product that contains specific bacteria; colonizes large intestine with specific bacteria in product (ie yogurt)

Front 92

prebiotic

Back 92

stimulates bacterial growth in large intestine

Front 93

feces

Back 93

mass of water, fiber, tough connective tissues, bacterial cells, sloughed intestinal cells that passes through large intestine and excreted through anus; stool

Front 94

rectum

Back 94

terminal portion of large intestine

Front 95

anus

Back 95

last portion of GI tract; outlet for digestive system

Front 96

anal sphincters

Back 96

group of 2 sphincters (inner and outer) that help control expulsion of feces from body

Front 97

gallbladder

Back 97

organ attached to underside of liver; bile storage, concentration, and eventual secretion

Front 98

bile

Back 98

liver secretion stored in gallbladder and released through common bile duct into 1st segment of small intestine; essential for digestion and absorption of fat

Front 99

enterohepatic circulation

Back 99

recycling of compounds such as bile acids between small intestine and liver

Front 100

epigenome

Back 100

way genome is marked and packed inside cell nucleus

Front 101

epigenetics

Back 101

changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in DNA sequence

Front 102

nutritional genomics

Back 102

study of interactions between nutrition and genetics, includes nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics

Front 103

nutrigenetics

Back 103

study of effects of genes on nutritional health, such as variations in nutrient requirements and responsiveness to dietary modifications

Front 104

nutrigenomics

Back 104

study of how food impacts health through interaction with genes and subsequent effect on gene expression

Front 105

ulcer

Back 105

erosion of tissue lining, usually in stomach or upper small intestine; peptic ulcers

Front 106

NSAIDs

Back 106

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; includes aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen

Front 107

histamine

Back 107

breakdown product of amino acid histidine that stimulates acid secretion by stomach and has other effects on body, such as contraction of smooth muscles, increased nasal secretions, relaxation of blood vessels, changes in relaxations of airways

Front 108

GERD

Back 108

disease that results from stomach acid backing up into esophagus; acid irritates lining of esophagus, causing pain

Front 109

celiac disease

Back 109

chronic immune-mediated disease precipitated by exposure to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed people

Front 110

nonceliac gluten sensitivity

Back 110

one or more of a variety of immune-related conditions with symptoms similar to celiac disease that are precipitated by ingestion of gluten in people who don't have celiac disease