Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level Of Organization - Mike B

Front 1

Cell

Back 1

basic, living, structual, and funtional unit of the body

Front 2

Cytology

Back 2

study of cell structure

Front 3

Cell Physiology

Back 3

the study of cell function

Front 4

Intracellular Fluid (3 important points vs ECF)

Back 4

fluid inside the body cells, cytosol

1. Concentration of potassium ions is much higher

2. Contains a much higher concentration of suspended proteins

3. contains small quantities of carb, and small reserves of amino acids and lipids.

Front 5

Extracellular Fluid (two locations)

Back 5

ECF filling the narrow spaces between cells of tissues is called interstitial fluid (1/3 of total fluid)

ECF in blood vessels is called plasma (2/3 of total fluid)

Front 6

Two principal parts of cell

Back 6

Plasma Membrane - flexible barrier, seperates fluids

Cytoplasm a. Cytosol "fluid" portion b. Organelles

Front 7

Two different types of cells

Back 7

Sex Cells - Oocyte & Sperm

Somatic Cells - Body Cells

Front 8

Saturated fats have ___ ____ bonds.

Back 8

single covalent

Front 9

Unsaturated fats have ____ ____ bonds.

Back 9

double covalent

Front 10

Amphipathic

Back 10

the top dissolves but the bottom does not

Front 11

Do humans have cell walls?

Back 11

No only plants and fungi

Front 12

General functions of plasma membrane (4)

Back 12

Physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment, structural support

Front 13

Why is Cholesterol important in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane?

Back 13

It stiffens the membrane

Front 14

Integral Proteins

Back 14

part of the plasma membrane structure an d cannot be removed without damaging the membrane. Contain a hydrophobic portion embedded within the bilayer and hydrophyllic portion into the extracellular environment and cytosol

Front 15

Types of Membrane Proteins (6)

Back 15

Anchoring Proteins, Recognition Proteins, Enzymes, Receptor Proteins, Carrier Proteins, Channels

Front 16

Glycolayx (define & functions (4))

Back 16

Layer beyond outter surface of membrane, carbohydrate.

Lubrication and Protection, Anchoring and Locomotion, Specificity in Binding, Recognition

Front 17

Cytoplasm

Back 17

material between plasma membrane and the membrane that surrounds nucleus

Front 18

Organelles

Back 18

specific structures suspended within the cytosol that perform specific functions for the cell. Keep cell aive and functioning normally.

Front 19

What nonmembranous organelles are there in the cell? (6)

Back 19

cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, proteasomes

Front 20

What membranous organelles are there in the cell membrane? (4)

Back 20

golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

Front 21

Microfilaments (def & func (3))

Back 21

Smallest of cytoskeleton elements. Protein strands (actin)

1, anchor the cytoskeleton

2. determine consistency of the cytoplasm

3. Actin can produce movement

Front 22

Microtubules function (5)

Back 22

form main portions of the cytoskeleton

change the shape of the cell and may assist in cell movement

serve as a kind of monorail system to move vesicles or other organelles

during cell division, distribute duplicated chromosomes

form structural components of organelles such as centrioles and cilia.

Front 23

ways substances move across cell membrane (3)

Back 23

diffusion (passive), carrier mediated (passive or active), viscular transport (active)

Front 24

chemical gradient

Back 24

substances occur in higher concentration inside, while others occur in higher concentration outside

Front 25

charge gradient

Back 25

more anions inside vs more actions outside results in charge difference across membrane

Front 26

electrochemical gradient

Back 26

the chemical and charge gradients that help move substances across the membrane.

Front 27

What influences diffusion rate across plasma membrane?

Back 27

diffusion distance, size or mass of the diffusion substance, temperature, steepness of the concentration gradient, electrical forces, surface area

Front 28

Two types of diffusion

Back 28

simple diffusion and channel-mediated diffusion

Front 29

Lysomal storage damage

Back 29

genetic disorder that causes an enzyme to not work. Results in accumulation of product that can't break down.

Front 30

Autolysis

Back 30

self destruction of damaged cells

Front 31

Lysosomes

Back 31

powerful enzyme containing vesicles with a very low internal PH (lyso - dissolve, some - body)

Front 32

Nuclear Envelope

Back 32

membrane similar to plasma membrane

Front 33

Genes

Back 33

the cells hereditary units consisting of the genetic DNA

Front 34

Nucleus control cell & function

Back 34

control metabolism, storage and process genetic information. Controls protein synthesis

Front 35

Selective permeability

Back 35

allows some things to move through and not others. Size, electrical charge, molecular shape, lipid solubility

Front 36

Phosphate Heads are --- while Lipid tails are ---

Back 36

polar, non-polar

Front 37

Osmosis

Back 37

movement of water through selectively permeable barrier from an area of higher concentration of water to an area of lower concentration of water across the membranr

Front 38

what are some factors influences diffusion?

Back 38

distance, molecule size, temperature, concentration gradient, surface area, electrical forces (opposites attract)

Front 39

Ribosome

Back 39

synthesizes protein

Front 40

3 main functions of Golgi Apparatus

Back 40

modify and package secretions for release from cell
renews or modify plasma membrane
packages special enzymes for use in the cytoplasm

Front 41

Peroxisomes

Back 41

vesicles containing degradative enzymes

catabism of fats and other organic compounds
neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process

Front 42

Ways water moves through a cell (2)

Back 42

- through integral protein

- by slipping through a temporary space between membrane lipids caused by their movement

Front 43

Osmotic Pressure

Back 43

force of concentration needed to level substance around membrane

Front 44

Tonicity

Back 44

how the solution influences osmosis and thus the shape of body cells It is important in IV solutions.

Front 45

A solution can be.... (3)

Back 45

Isotonic - concentrations are same on both sides, water enter and exits at same rate. Red blood cell immersed in isotonic solution maintains its normal shape

Hypotonic - concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell, and water moves into the cell where it occurs in low concentration.

Hypertonic - concentration of solute is lower inside the cell and water moves out of the cell, where it occurs in higher concentration.

Front 46

Hemolysis

Back 46

a red blood cell immersed in a hypotonic solution (bursts)

Front 47

Crenation

Back 47

a red blood cell immersed in a hypertonic solution (bumpy like a beer nut instead of round)

Front 48

Characteristics of Carrier-Mediated Transport (3)

Back 48

Specificity - bind to certain substance

Saturation Limit - rate of substance transport is limited by the availability of carrier protiens

Regulation - cell can control the activity of carrier protiens, often through action of hormones

Front 49

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 49

substance move down their concentration gradient, so that no energy is required. The molecule to be transported binds to specific receptor site on carrier protein. Binds alters shape of protein, which then releases molecule on other side of membrane.

Front 50

Active Transport

Back 50

an energy-requiring process in which carrier proteins move solutes regardless of concentration gradient.

Front 51

Primary Active Transport

Back 51

energy from the hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of the transport protein (sodium-potassium exchange pump)

Front 52

4 Steps to Na_/K+ ATPase

Back 52

1. Three Na+ in the cytosol bind to pump

2. causes ATP to be hydrolyzed to ADP, and the phosphate group removed from ATP is attached to pump protein. The pump protein changes shape, releasing Na+ into ECF

3. New shape, two spots are available for K+ ions to bind to pump. When they bind, they make pump release phosphate group and pump springs back to original shape

4. two k+ are released into cytosol. now back to original shape, ready to bind three more Na+. Each cycle used one ATP molecule

Front 53

Vesicle

Back 53

small, membrane-bound sac, formed when a bit of cell membrane pinches off. All types of transport using vesicles require energy supplied by ATP

Front 54

Two directions Vesicles can move..

Back 54

Endocytosis & Exocytosis

Front 55

Endocytosis (3 types)

Back 55

Movement of substances into a cell.

1. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

2. Phagocytosis - 'cell eating'

3. Pinocytosis - 'cell drinking'

Front 56

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 56

- highly specific type of endocytosis by which cells take up specific ligands

Front 57

Phagocytosis

Back 57

'cell eating' - uptake of large particles. Particles are enclosed in a phagosome, which fuses with a lysosome and is digested

Front 58

Pinocytosis

Back 58

'cell drinking' - non-selective uptake of fluid surrounding the cell, which allows the cell to sample its surroundings

Front 59

Exocytosis

Back 59

the movement of substances out of a cell.

- cells thats produce secretions. producs meant to go outside the cell are packaged in carrier vesicles and brought to the membrane. Membrane of vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and cargo is delivered to ECF.

Front 60

Cell Division

Back 60

Process by which cells reproduce themselves.

- Nuclear division (mitosis & meiosis)

- Cytoplasmic Division (cytokinesis)

Front 61

Mitosis (stages)

Back 61

Division of somatic cells. DNA is duplicated and one copy goes to each cell. Sometimes this process errors or mutations occurs.

PMAT

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telopahse, Cytokinesis

Front 62

reproductive cell division

Back 62

cell undergoes two divisions which results in four reporductive or germ cells that have half of the normal number of chromosomes (haploid daughter cells). Mutations can occur here too.

Front 63

DNA Replication ( when, what else does it produce & which phase?)

Back 63

happens before mitosis or meiosis occur. It also produces additional organelles and cytosolic componenets in anticipation of cell division. Occurs in interphase.

Front 64

Possible consequences of mutations during reproductive cell division?

Back 64

Sickle-cell anemia

Front 65

Consequences of mutations during somatic cell division?

Back 65

Cancer

Front 66

In DNA Adenine is paired with ____ and Cytosine is paired with ___

Back 66

Thymine, Guanine

Front 67

What is the DNA sequence important?

Back 67

It codes for protiens and if a nucleotide in the DNA sequence is changed, that changes the instruction and the protein that gets made may be a different shape and unable to do its usual job.

Front 68

Mutation

Back 68

when enzymes that copy DNA during mitosis make errors and match up incorrect nucleotide.

Front 69

Destinies for cells in our body (3)

Back 69

- Maintain itself without dividing (most nerve and muscle cells divide rarely

- Grow and Divide - necessary to replace worn-out cells or to grow. (Stem Cells)

- Die - cell death is also necessary during emryotic development, and to eliminate body cells, such as cancer cells or virally-infected cells

Front 70

Apoptosis

Back 70

genetically controlled cell death where 'suicide' enzymes kill the cell. Apoptosis is a normal type of cell death, whereas necrosis is a pathological type of cell death due to tissue injury.

Front 71

Cancer development steps (4)

Back 71

Normal Cell

Primary Tumor

Metastasis

Secondary Tumor

Front 72

Onco

Back 72

Cancer

Front 73

Cancer

Back 73

a group of disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. A cell must accumulate as many as 10 distine mutations to lose control of its growth and be on way to growing tumor.

Front 74

Carcinogens

Back 74

substances or agents that have been shown to cause cancer

Front 75

Mutagen

Back 75

chemical agent that are known to induce mutations, and may be carcinogens

Front 76

Tumor-suppressor Genes

Back 76

genes that code for proteins involved in esuppressing cell division when it should not occur. If they are mutated, a tumor may grow.

Front 77

P53 protein & gene

Back 77

P53 gene is 'guardian angel of the human genome'.

p53 protein is product of gene that normally inhibits cell division. It also assists in repair of damaged DNA and it induces apoptosis if repair was not successful.

Front 78

Types of Cancers (4)

Back 78

Carcinomas - epithelial cells (lung, breat & prostate cancer. Skin cancer)

Sacromas - connective tissue (osteosarcoma.. bone tissue)

Leukemias - blood-forming organs (lymphocytic leukemia.. blood-forming stem cells in bone marrow)

Lymphomas - lymphatic system (hodgkin and non-hodgkin lymphoma results in uncontrolled growth of lymphocytes - type of white blood cells)

Front 79

Angiogenesis

Back 79

Forming of new blood vessels to provide nourishment for cancer cells

Front 80

Two type of Tumour

Back 80

Benign

-remains in original tissue

Malignant

-moves to other locations

Front 81

Types of Treatment of Cancer

Back 81

Surgery & Chemotherapy