Chapter 3 Test

Front 1

Almost all of the molecules a cell makes are composed of

Back 1

Carbon

Front 2

Carbon based on molecules are considered

Back 2

Organic

Front 3

Carbon can share up electrons in __ __ bonds

Back 3

4 Covalent

Front 4

Carbon skeleton

Back 4

is the basis for the formation of large organic compounds

Front 5

Large organic molecules can have elaborate shapes, and

Back 5

these shapes will help determine function of the compounds

Front 6

Isomers

Back 6

compounds with the same molecular formula but differ in the position of their bonds

Front 7

Hydroxyl

Back 7

-OH

Front 8

Carbonyl

Back 8

-C=O

Front 9

Carboxyl

Back 9

-COOH

Front 10

Amino

Back 10

-NH2

Front 11

Phosphate

Back 11

-OPO3^2-

Front 12

Macromolecules are made from

Back 12

joining smaller molecules, monomers, into chains called polymers

Front 13

Cells link different monomers

Back 13

by a dehydration reaction- one that removes water

Front 14

For each monomer added to a chain,

Back 14

one water is made

Front 15

To digest substances,

Back 15

a hydrolysis reaction is performed

Front 16

The bond between monomers

Back 16

is broken by the addition of water

Front 17

Monosacharides

Back 17

the carbohydrate monomers

Front 18

Generally have

Back 18

a molecular formula that is multiple of CH2O

Front 19

They are the

Back 19

main fuel for celllular work

Front 20

Polysacharides

Back 20

are groups of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions

Front 21

Starch

Back 21

storage polysacharides in the roots and tissues of plants

Front 22

Glycogen

Back 22

animals store excess sugar in the form of glucose polysaccharides

Front 23

Cellulose

Back 23

forms fibrils in the walls that enclose plant cells

Front 24

Almost all polysaccharides are

Back 24

hydrophilic

Front 25

Lipids

Back 25

are diverse compounds consisting of mostly carbons and hydrogens linked by non polar covalent bonds

Front 26

Lipids are

Back 26

hydrophobic (water freezing)

Front 27

Fat

Back 27

Large lipid made from two smaller molecules, glycerol, and fatty acids

Front 28

Oil

Back 28

liquid fats

Front 29

Unsaturated Fats

Back 29

some fatty acids contain one or more double bonds

Front 30

Saturated Fats

Back 30

fatty acids with no double bonds

Front 31

The main function of lipids is

Back 31

energy storage

Front 32

Phospholipids

Back 32

component of the cell membrane. are similar to fats in structure but contain phosphorus and have two fatty acids instead of three

Front 33

Steriods

Back 33

fats whose carbon structure is bent to form four fused rings

Front 34

Proteins

Back 34

a polymer made of individual amino acids

Front 35

Other proteins types inclued

Back 35

transport, contractile, structural, storage

Front 36

Denaturation

Back 36

if the protein breaks

Front 37

Denaturation can be caused by

Back 37

changes in salt, Ph or temp

Front 38

Also bonded to the central carbon is the __ group

Back 38

R

Front 39

The R chain

Back 39

determines the specific properties of the amino acid

Front 40

Primary structure

Back 40

an unique sequence of amino acids determined by a unique set of inherited genetic info- how it comes out of the ribosome

Front 41

Secondary Structure

Back 41

parts of the polypeptide coil and fold patterns

Coiling can result in an alpha helix, while the following leads to a beta pleated sheet

Front 42

Teritarty Structure

Back 42

roughly globular or fibrous structure

Front 43

Quaternary Sturture

Back 43

proteins consist of two or more polypeptide chains

Front 44

Genes are made of

Back 44

DNA, deoxyribonucleaic aid, a type of nucleic acid

Front 45

Genes are inherited from

Back 45

the parents of organism

Front 46

DNA instructions

Back 46

program a cells activities by direction proteins synthesis

Front 47

RNA is

Back 47

the intermediary of DNA and protein synthesis

Front 48

The double helix is DNA is connected by

Back 48

hydrogen bonds

Front 49

ACE is an

Back 49

enyzme

Front 50

OSE

Back 50

Sugars