Chapter 3 Study Guide Questions Fundies

Front 1

Define theory

Back 1

Theory has been defined as a suppostition or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon.

Front 2

List 3 characteristics of theory.

Back 2

1. It is an articulated idea about something important.
2. Theories are also used to describe, predict and control phenomena.
3. Theoreis offer ways of looking at or conceptualizing the central interests of a discipline.

Front 3

What is the main function of theory (and research) in practice discipline?

Back 3

In practice disciplines, the mian function of theory (and research) is to provide new possiblities for understanding the discipline's practice (music, art, managment, and nursing).

Front 4

During the latter half of the 14th century, disciplines seeking to establish themselves in universities had to demonstrate something that Nightingale had not envisioned for nursing - a unique body of theoretical knowledge.

Back 4

false

Front 5

Disciplines without a strong theory and research base were referred to as "______," a negative comparison with the "______" natural sciences.

Back 5

soft; hard

Front 6

What term encompassing the "building blocks" of theories?

Back 6

concepts

Front 7

A ______ ______ is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. It may also be called ______ theories or ______ ______.

Back 7

conceptual framework; grand; conceptual model

Front 8

______ refers to a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world. It includes a person's notions of reality that are largely unconscious or taken for granted.

Back 8

paradigm

Front 9

According Figure 3-1 in your textbook, what are some foundational theories prevalent in nursing?

Back 9

Nightengale's theories, interactive theories, systems theories, and developmental theories

Front 10

What four major concepts are related to the metaparadigm for nursing?

Back 10

1. Person or client, the recipient of nursing care (includes individuals, families, groups, and communities).
2. Environment, the internal and external surroundings that affect the client. This includes people in the physcial environment, such as families, friends, and significant others.
3. Health, the degree of wellness or well-being experienced by the client.
4. Nursing, the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of or in conjunction with the client.

Front 11

What 3 theorists are associated with the term PHILOSOPHIES?

Back 11

Nightengale, Watson, Henderson

Front 12

What 4 theorists are associated with the term CONCEPTUAL MODELS?

Back 12

Orem, Roy, Rogers, King

Front 13

What 4 theorists are associated with the term MIDLEVEL THEORIES?

Back 13

Peplau, Parse, Neuman, Leininger

Front 14

Who is considered to be the first nurse theorist?

Back 14

Nightengale

Front 15

An early effort to define nursing phenomena, ______ serves as the basis for later theoretical formulations.

Back 15

Philosophy

Front 16

Debates about the role of theory in nursing practice provide evidence that nursing is maturing as both an academic discipline and a clinical profession

Back 16

True

Front 17

Define client (person)

Back 17

recipient of nursing care (individuals, families, groups)

Front 18

Define Environment

Back 18

internal/external surroundings that affect the client (includes people int he physical environment - families, firneds, significant others.)

Front 19

Define Health

Back 19

degree of wellness and well-being experienced by the client

Front 20

Define Nursing

Back 20

attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nursek providing care on behalf or in conjunction with the client

Front 21

Why is nursing considered to be a practice discipline?

Back 21

Nursing is considered to be a practice discipline becasue the central focus is performance of a professional role (nursing, teaching, management, music)

Front 22

A supposition or system of ideas that is proposed to to explain a given phenomenon or something significant is called a:
1. Concept
2. Theory
3. Paradigm
4. Conceptual model

Back 22

Answer: Theory.
Rationale: Theory is defined as a supposition or system of ideas that is propsed to explain a given phenomenon. Concepts are called the "building blocks" of theories are difficult to explain or define. Paradigm refers to a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world. Conceptual models or frameworks are defined as a group of related iedas, statements, or concepts. They articulate a broad range of the significant relationships among the concepts of a discipline.
Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Front 23

Some examples of concepts, which are defined as labels given to ideas, object, or events, are:
1. intelligence, motivation, or obesity.
2. comfort, fatigue, pain, depression, and/or environment
3. self-care, adaptation, caring, behavioraly system, and/or nurse-client transactions.
4. humanistic endeavors, unitary man, and/or learned helplessness.

Back 23

Answer: comfort, fatigue, pain, depressionk, and/or environment.
Rationale: Concepts are lables given to ideas, objects, and/or events - a summary of thoughts or a way to categorize thoughts or ideas. Intelligence, motivation, learnedhelplessness, and/or obesity are examples of construct, which is a group of concepts. A theory is the organization of concepts or constructs that shows the relationship of the ideas with the intent of describing, explaining, or predicting. An example of a theory includes: self-care, adaptation, caring, behavioral system, unitary man, hierachy of needs, interpersonal relationships, humanistic, and/or nurse-client transactions.
Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Front 24

Which theorist addresses hospice nursing issues during end-of-life care?
1. Imogene King
2. Callista Roy
3. Dorothea Orem
4. Jean Watson

Back 24

Answer: Jean Watson
Rationale: Jean Watson's theory is based on a humanistici and caring concept of nursing. The holistic outlook addresses the impact of importance of altruism, sensitivity, trust, and interpersonal skills. Imogene King's theory is based on systems theory and the behavioral sciences. A transactional model of interaction between the nurse and client and the environment are the basis of Roy's model of nursing. Orem's theory of nursing is based on self-care restoring the client to the highest level of functioning.
Nursing Process: Planning
Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity

Front 25

An example of a middle-range nursing theory is:
1. Peplau's psychodynamic nursing model
2. Jean Watson's model of human caring
3. Roy's adaptation model
4. Imogene King's theory of goal attainment

Back 25

Answer: Imogene King's theory of goal attainment
Rationale: Peplau's psychodynamic nursing model is an example of a middle range-theory. Watson's Orem's and King's theories are considered grand theories.
Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Front 26

This theorist based her theory of nursing on the principle that nursing assists clients with with 14 essential functions that move them toward independence.
1. Myra Estrin Levine
2. Dorethea Orem
3. Madeline Leininger
4. Virginia Henderson

Back 26

Answer: Virginia Henderson
Rationale: Virginia Henderson's theory explains the 14 essential functions toward independence that a client must meet to achieve the highest level of health. Myra Estrin Levine's theory ws based on four conservations pricniples of inpatient client resources. Dorthea Orem uses nursing interventions to meet clients' self-care needs. Madeline Leininger's theory uses transcultural nursing and caring nursing, iin which the concepts are aimed twoard caring and the components of a culture care theory.
Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Front 27

One of the goals of Betty Neuman's health care systems model is:
1. maintenance of system equilibrium
2. assisting the client to achieve the highest level of self-care
3. promoting internal and external stimuli that influence the client's well being
4. to heal the client and make the bed available for sicker clients

Back 27

Answer: maintenance of system equilibrium
Rationale: Maintenance of system equilibrium is one of the goals of Betty Neuman's nursing theory. Orem's model is based on assisting the client to achieve the highest level of self-care. Internal and external stimuli are based on Roy's adaptation model. The last choice in this grouping of answers is not a factor in any of the nursing theories.
Nursing Process: Planning
Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity

Front 28

Nightengale, Henderson, and Watson developed philosophies of ursing. Why are their works considered philosophies when discussed in nursing?
1. Because they were the first three nursing theorists.
2. Because it was an early effort to define nursing phenomena that serves as the basis for later theoretical formulations.
3. Because they had grand theories of nursing and not middle-level theories
4. Because it was a late effort to define nursing.

Back 28

Answer: Because it was an early effort to define nursing phenomena that serves as the basis for later theoretical formulations.
Rationale: It was an early effort to define nursing phenomena that serves as the basis for later theoretical formulations.
Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Front 29

Disciplines without a strong theory and research base were historically referred to as:
1. hard
2. concrete
3. soft
4. medium

Back 29

Answer: soft
Rationale: Disciplines without a strong theory and research base historically were referred to as "soft", a negative comparison with the "hard" natural sciences. Many of the soft disciplines attempted to emulate the sciences, so theory and scientific research became a more important part of academic life, both in the practice disciplines and in the humanities.
Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Front 30

A conceptual framework is considered to be:
1. a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts
2. a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world.
3. the way to elucidate how social structures affect a wide variety of human experiences, from art to social practices.
4. a belief system, often an early effot to define nursing phenomena that serves as the basis for later theoretical formulations

Back 30

Answer: A group of related ideas, statements, or concepts
Rationale: A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. A philosophy is a belief system, often an eraly effort to define nursing phenomena, and serves as the bsis for later theoretical formulations. A paradigm refers to a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and te world.
Nursing Process: Assessment
Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Front 31

In the late 20th century, much of the theoretical work in nursing focused on articulating relationships among four major concepts. (select the major concepts)
1. person
2. environment
3. nursing
4. professionlism
5. health

Back 31

Answer: person, environment, nursing and health (objective:4)
Rationale: The four major concepts are consider to be: person or client, the recipient of nursing care (includes individuals, families, groups, and communites); the environment ,the internal and external surroundings that affect the client - the environment includes people int he physical invironment, such as families, firends, and significant others; health, the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences; and nursing, the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of or in conjunction with the client.
Nursing Process: Planning
Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity

Front 32

A nursing studen correctly differentiates between the terms concept and conceptual framework when she chooses which of the following:
1. Person and stability models
2. environment and pain
3. nursing and health.
4. evolution and quantum mechanics

Back 32

Person and Stability models

Front 33

A nurse is accurately discussing the metaparadigm for nursing if she states that: (Select all that apply).
1. Meta means "with" and paradigm means "pattern" in Greek.
2. Paradigms are patterns of shared understanding.
3. "Person, environment, health and nursing" are the four major concepts.
4. The metapardigm for nursing is considered "hard" science.

Back 33

1. Meta means "with" and paradigm means "pattern" in Greek.
2. Paradigms are patterns of shared understanding.
3. "Person, environment, health and nursing" are the four major concepts.

Front 34

Education, research, clinical practice, and therory all ______ each other

Back 34

influence

Front 35

Theory facilitates clinical practice through ______ and ______. This is important in the development of new knowledge and in t he growth of a professin.

Back 35

reflection or quesitong and thinking about what nurses do.

Front 36

Which statment best reflects the metaparadigm for nursing?
1. A nurse intervenes through primary prevention by teaching about safety for toddlers.
2. A nurse reviews textbooks and journal articles.
3. A nurse counts the number of bacteria ion the Patri dish.
4. A nurse observes the delivery of kittens in a barn.

Back 36

A nurse intervenes through primary prevention by teaching about safety for toddlers.

Front 37

Nursing is a practice discipline: biology is a natural science discipline. Nurses learn knowledge from each discipline. The major difference between the two is that the central focus of a practice discipline is ______ while ______ is the central focus of a natural science discipline.

Back 37

performance of the professional role, research and theory development

Front 38

A nurse understands that theory can facilitate evidence-based practice but can also _____________________

Back 38

overshadow core values of the profession and the patients humanity

Front 39

NIghtengale identified five enviornmental factors that influence health: pure fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light; especially direct sunlight. Utilizing these factors, nurses today: (Select all that apply)
1. Keep clients warm
2. Assess Intake
3. Promote a noise-free environment
4. Close all blinids to promote privacy

Back 39

Keep clients warm, assess intake, promote a noise-free environment

Front 40

Caring and being "present" in patient interactions is important according to Watsons Theory on Human Caring. Which of the following beliefs would interfere with the application of this theory?
1. Caring is just an emotion
2. Caring promotes health more than does curing.
3. Caring occasions involve action and choice by nurse and client
4. Caring responses accept a person not only as the person is now, but also for what the person may become

Back 40

Caring is just an emotion

Front 41

Virgina Hendersons definition of nursing acknowledged that: (select all that apply)
1. The nurse is concerned with healthy and ill individuals
2. Nurses interact with clients even when recovery may not be feasible
3. The nurse is a teacher and an advocate
4. Nurses must belong to professional organizations in order to practice

Back 41

1. The nurse is concerned with healthy and ill individuals
2. Nurses interact with clients even when recovery may not be feasible
3. The nurse is a teacher and an advocate

Front 42

Nursing is considered a practice discipline. What should the nurse be aware is the main difference between this and a research/theory discipline?
1. Nursing uses theory and research to help understand its focus.
2. Nursing is not considered a practice discipline, and therefore does not utilize research.
3. Nonpractice disciplines do not utilize theory in development of their focus.
4. Nonpractice disciplines have a central focus of performance of a professional role.

Back 42

Nursing uses theory and research to help understand its focus.

Objective: Describe the major purpose of theory in the sciences and practice disciplines.

Rationale: A practice discipline, such as nursing, utilizes theory as a means of providing new possibilities for understanding the discipline's focus. Other disciplines have research and theory development as their central focus.

Nursing Process: Assessment

Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Cognitive Level: Comprehension

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.

Front 43

Nursing theory articulates the relationship among person, environment, health, and nursing. What term would a nurse use when referring to these four concepts collectively?
1. Paradigm
2. Conceptual model
3. Grand theories
4. Metaparadigm

Back 43

Metaparadigm

Objective: Differentiate the terms concept, conceptual framework, theory, paradigm, and metaparadigm for nursing.

Rationale: The term metaparadigm originated from the Greek words meta (with) and paradigm (pattern). The four concepts are collectively referred to as a metaparadigm. The others are simply terms used in nursing and other disciplines.

Nursing Process: Assessment

Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Cognitive Level: Analysis

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.

Front 44

What central theory was the basis for Florence Nightingale's definition of nursing, and is integrated in all aspects of nursing as we know it today?
1. Goal Attainment Theory
2. Unitary Human Beings
3. Environmental Theory
4. Interpersonal Relations Model

Back 44

Environmental Theory

Objective: Identify the purposes of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice.

Rationale: Over 100 years ago, Florence Nightingale defined nursing utilizing the environment of the recovery of the patient. Her concepts about ventilation, cleanliness, quiet, warmth, and diet remain integral parts of nursing and health care today. The interpersonal relations model is Peplau's. The Science of Unitary Human Beings is Rogers's. Goal Attainment is King's.

Nursing Process: Assessment

Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Cognitive Level: Analysis

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.

Front 45

Which statement by the client would indicate to the nurse that the client is utilizing Orem's universal self-care requisites (needs)?
1. "I am slowly adjusting to the loss of my leg."
2. "When my spouse died in the car accident, I thought I would go crazy."
3. "I will not allow my mastectomy to stop me from living life fully."
4. "Sometimes I prefer to just be alone in my room and meditate."

Back 45

"Sometimes I prefer to just be alone in my room and meditate."

Objective: Identify the purposes of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice.

Rationale: According to Orem, self-care requisites (needs) are measures or actions taken that provide self-care. Universal requisites are common to all people (air, water, food, solitude, etc.); developmental requisites result from maturation (body image changes, loss of spouse); and health deviation requisites result from illness, injury, or disease/treatment (seeking health assistance, performing prescribed therapies, and adjusting to effects of illness/treatment).

Nursing Process: Assessment

Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity

Cognitive Level: Analysis

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection

Front 46

Using Betty Neuman's Systems Model, the nurse assesses the client's stressors. Which stressor would the nurse indicate as intrapersonal?
1. An incisional infection
2.Sleep deprivation
3. A desire to be everything to everyone
4. Recent loss of job

Back 46

An incisional infection

Objective: Identify the purposes of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice.

Rationale: Neuman categorizes three types of stressors: intrapersonal (e.g., an infection); interpersonal (e.g., unrealistic role expectation); and extrapersonal (e.g., financial concerns).

Nursing Process: Assessment

Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity

Cognitive Level: Analysis

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.

Front 47

What would the nurse expect the nurse's role to be when utilizing Parse's human becoming theory?
1. Assisting with the gratification of human needs
2. Helping individuals and families change the health process
3. Serving as an authority figure for the client and family
4. Accepting the expression of positive and negative feelings

Back 47

Helping individuals and families change the health process

Objective: Identify the purposes of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice.

Rationale: Parse's human becoming theory features the nurse helping individuals and families choose possibilities for changing the health process. The other answers are not part of Parse's theory.

Nursing Process: Implementation

Client Need: Psychosocial Integrity

Cognitive Level: Comprehension

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.

Front 48

The nurse is evaluating the concept of nursing theories. Which would the nurse rule out as a purpose of nursing theories?
1. To promote enhanced salaries and benefits for nurses
2. To help build a common nursing terminology
3. To help establish criteria to measure the quality of nursing care
4. To offer a framework for generating knowledge and new ideas

Back 48

To promote enhanced salaries and benefits for nurses

Objective: Identify the purposes of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice.

Rationale: The purposes of nursing theories include helping to build a common nursing terminology, helping establish criteria to measure the quality of nursing care, and offering a framework for generating knowledge and new ideas. There is a direct link between theory, education, research, and clinical practice.

Nursing Process: Assessment

Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Cognitive Level: Analysis

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.

Front 49

Which intervention would the nurse use to implement Imogene King's theory of goal attainment?
1. Interactions with the environment
2. Determining how the client adapts to stress
3. Purposeful transactions
4. Listing self-care deficits

Back 49

Purposeful transactions

Objective: Identify the purposes of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice.

Rationale: King's theory of goal attainment is based on the behavioral sciences, and includes transactions, which are defined as purposeful interactions that lead to goal attainment. The other answers are based on other theorists.

Nursing Process: Intervention

Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level: Comprehension

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection

Front 50

When utilizing Leininger's cultural care theory, it would be important for the nurse to remember what concept of human caring?
1. It varies among cultures and is largely culturally derived.
2. It is universal and the same in all cultures.
3. The nurse should teach it to the client's family members.
4. It is absent in some cultures.

Back 50

It varies among cultures and is largely culturally derived.

Objective: Identify the purposes of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice.

Rationale: Leininger's theory is based on the phenomenon that human caring is universal but varies among cultures and is culturally derived. The other answers are not part of Leininger's theory.

Nursing Process: Planning

Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level: Analysis

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.

Front 51

Which statement would the nurse include in a report on Jean Watson's theory of human caring?
1.There are ten adaptive mechanisms commonly used by clients.
2. There are five environmental factors related to client care.
3. There are ten carative factors related to human care.
4. There should be guidelines for including the family in client care.

Back 51

There are ten carative factors related to human care.

Objective: Identify the purposes of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice.

Rationale: Watson believes that the "core of nursing" involves ten carative, or nursing intervention, factors.

Nursing Process: Planning

Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level: Analysis

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.

Front 52

Virginia Henderson, anursing pioneer, conceptualized the nurse's role in assisting the client to achieve independence. Henderson's defined nursing as it focused on which of the following fundamental needs?

1. providing self care
2. breathing normally
3. sleeping and resting
4. behaving as a totality

Back 52

breathing normally; sleeping and resting

Objective: Identify the purposes of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice.

Rationale: Henderson's definition of nursing conceptualized the profession as assisting healthy and ill individuals to gain independence. Henderson defined 14 fundamental needs. the needs include: breathing normally, eating and drinking adequately, eliminating body wastes, moving and maintaining a desirable position, sleeping and resting, selecting suitable clothes, maintaining body temperature, cleanliness, avoiding environmental dangers, communicating feelings, worshipping, recreation, and learning and discovery.

Nursing Process: Assessment

Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Cognitive Level: Analysis

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.

Front 53

Which nursing theorists have developed nursing models?
1. Virginia Henderson
2. Dorothea Orem
3. Rogers
4. Roy

Back 53

Dorothea Orem, Rogers, and Roy

Objective: Identify the purposes of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice.

Rationale: Conceptual models include those of Orem, Rogers, Roy, and King.

Nursing Process: Assessment

Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Cognitive Level: Comprehension

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.

Front 54

A supposition or system of ideas that is propsed to explaina given phenomen know
1. Theory
2. Conceptual Model
3. Concept
4. Paradigm

Back 54

Theory

Objective: The definition of a theory is a supposition or system of ideas that describes, explains or predicts phenomena.

Rationale: The definition of a theory is a supposition or system of ideas that describes, explains or predicts phenomena.

Nursing Process: Assessment

Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Cognitive Level: Comprehension

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.

Front 55

A 12 year old client with a wrist fracture was casted in the ER and prepared for discharge. The nurse explains to the client ways in which the client can take showers, comb their hair, and eat meals without disrutping the integrity of the cast and needing the assistance from her parents The nurse focuses on which aspect of Orem's Self Care Theory?
1. Self-care agency
2. Self-care requisites
3. Therapeutic self-care demand
4. Self-care deficits

Back 55

Self-care Agency

Self-care agency is the individual's ability to perform self care activities.

Objective: Identify the purposes of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice.

Rationale: Orem's self-care theory is based on self-care, self-care agency, self-care requisites, and therapeutic self-care demand. Self-care refers to the individual performing activities independently.

Nursing Process: Planning

Client Need: Safe, Effective Care Environment

Cognitive Level: Comprehension

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and process of elimination.

Front 56

Which nursing model focuses on the biopsychosocial adaptive systems?
1. Roy
2. Rogers
3. Orem
4. Parse

Back 56

Roy

Objective: Identify the purposes of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice.

Rationale: Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Theory focuses on an individual as a biopsychosocial adaptive system that employs a feedback cycle of input, throughput, and output.

Nursing Process: Assessment

Client Need: Safe, Psychosocial Integrity

Cognitive Level: Comprehension

Strategy: Use nursing knowledge and the process of elimination to make a selection.

Front 57

"A supposition or system of ideas that is propsed to explain a given phenomenon" best defines which of the following?

1. A concept
2. A conceptual framework
3. A theory
4. A paradigm

Back 57

A theory

Rationale: A supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon is a theory. Concepts are mental images which are included within a theory; conceptual frame-work is a group of related iedas, statements, or concepts; and a paradigm is a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world.
Cognitive Level: Knowledge
Client Need: Not Applicable
Nursing Process: Not applicable

Front 58

"A group of related ideas or statements" best defines which of the following?
1. A philosophy
2. A conceptual framework
3. A theory
4. A paradigm

Back 58

A conceptual framework.

Rationale: A group of related ideas or statemtns is a conceptual framework. A philosophy is a belife system; a supposition or system of ideas propsed to explain a given phenomenon is a theory; and a paradigm is a pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world.
Cognitive Level: Knowledge
Client Need: Not Applicable
Nursing Process: Not applicable

Front 59

"A sete of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world" is a definitioan for which of the following?
1. A concept
2. A conceptual framework
3. A practice discipline
4. A paradigm

Back 59

Paradigm

Rationale: A set of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world is a paradigm. Concepts are mental images; a conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements or concepts; and a practice discipline is a fiels of study in which the central focus is performance of a professional role.
Cognitive Level: Knowledge
Client Need: Not Applicable
Nursing Process: Not applicable

Front 60

Which of the folloiwng provides the best explantaion for describing nursing as a practice discipline?

1. Nursing focuses on performing the professional role.
2. It takes time and experience to become a competent nurse.
3. Research and theory development is a central focus.
4. Nurses function as members of a team who form a practice group.

Back 60

Nursing focuses on performing the profession role.

Rationale: Practice disciplines are fields of study in which the central focus is performance of a professional role. Time and experience are necessary for developing proficiency in any profession or career. Research and theory development do not have performance as their primary focus. The primary focus of nursing is providing quality service to humans. Team or group practice can be a part of a career in humanities, computer science, or rocket science.

Cognitive Level: Analysis
Client Need: Not Applicable
Nursing Process: Not applicable

Front 61

Person, enviornment, health and nursing constitue the metaparadigm for nursing because of which of the following?
1. Provide a framework fro implementing the nursing process
2. Can be utilized in any setting when caring for a client.
3. Can be utilized to determine applicability of a research study
4. They focus on the needs of a group of clients.

Back 61

Can be utilized in any setting when caring for a client

Rationale: Person/client, environment, health and nrusing are relevant when providing care for any client whether in the hosptial, at home, int he community, or in elementary school systems. These elements can be used to understand diseases, conduct and apply research, develop nuring theories, as well as implement the nursing process.

Cognitive Level: Application
Client Need: Not Applicable
Nursing Process: Not applicable

Front 62

Tony is a 32-year old man with HIV. His first AIDS-defining illness caused his weight to drop from 174 to 116 pounds due to intractable diarrhea. The physician thought caloric intake was of primary importance and urged Tony to eat whatever he wanted. The physician also prescribed tincture of opium for the diarrhea, but Tony hated the tincture of opium because it made him feel out of control. Because Tony was getting worse, his nurse argued that he needed intravenous nutrition and should eat only bananas, rice, applesauce, and weak tea until the diarrhea stopped. The nurse suggested adding other foods one at a time and only as tolerated. Tony's family and friends offered to take control of Tony's food preparation. The physician compared AIDS to advanced cancer and argued he would not prescribe intravenous nutrition for advanced cancer. The nurse argued that this was Tony's first AIDS infection and that his prognosis was better than someone with advanced caner. The nurse's primary focus was on stopping the diarrhea, and supplementing nutrition with IVs. Tony's friends preferred the nurse's approach, but Tony was not as easily convinced.

What concepts are present in this case?

Back 62

Some of the many concepts that can be identified are illness, disease, wellness and nutrition.

Front 63

Tony is a 32-year old man with HIV. His first AIDS-defining illness caused his weight to drop from 174 to 116 pounds due to intractable diarrhea. The physician thought caloric intake was of primary importance and urged Tony to eat whatever he wanted. The physician also prescribed tincture of opium for the diarrhea, but Tony hated the tincture of opium because it made him feel out of control. Because Tony was getting worse, his nurse argued that he needed intravenous nutrition and should eat only bananas, rice, applesauce, and weak tea until the diarrhea stopped. The nurse suggested adding other foods one at a time and only as tolerated. Tony's family and friends offered to take control of Tony's food preparation. The physician compared AIDS to advanced cancer and argued he would not prescribe intravenous nutrition for advanced cancer. The nurse argued that this was Tony's first AIDS infection and that his prognosis was better than someone with advanced caner. The nurse's primary focus was on stopping the diarrhea, and supplementing nutrition with IVs. Tony's friends preferred the nurse's approach, but Tony was not as easily convinced.

What appear to be the perspectives or views represented by the physician and the nurse (how might you say tehy are defining the metapardigm)?

Back 63

The physician seems to view Tony as someone who has some choices in his own care. He also appears to be making a statement related to quality of life (wellness) that reflects a belief that the client would not be getting better and intravenous nutrition was therefore not indicated. The nurse appears to have expanded the definition of client to include family and friens and has a different prognosis in mind.

Front 64

Tony is a 32-year old man with HIV. His first AIDS-defining illness caused his weight to drop from 174 to 116 pounds due to intractable diarrhea. The physician thought caloric intake was of primary importance and urged Tony to eat whatever he wanted. The physician also prescribed tincture of opium for the diarrhea, but Tony hated the tincture of opium because it made him feel out of control. Because Tony was getting worse, his nurse argued that he needed intravenous nutrition and should eat only bananas, rice, applesauce, and weak tea until the diarrhea stopped. The nurse suggested adding other foods one at a time and only as tolerated. Tony's family and friends offered to take control of Tony's food preparation. The physician compared AIDS to advanced cancer and argued he would not prescribe intravenous nutrition for advanced cancer. The nurse argued that this was Tony's first AIDS infection and that his prognosis was better than someone with advanced caner. The nurse's primary focus was on stopping the diarrhea, and supplementing nutrition with IVs. Tony's friends preferred the nurse's approach, but Tony was not as easily convinced.

How might Florence Nightingale analyze this situation?

Back 64

Florence NIghtingale would focus Tony's care ont he need for a clean environment, good water, and light as necessary for his health.

Front 65

Tony is a 32-year old man with HIV. His first AIDS-defining illness caused his weight to drop from 174 to 116 pounds due to intractable diarrhea. The physician thought caloric intake was of primary importance and urged Tony to eat whatever he wanted. The physician also prescribed tincture of opium for the diarrhea, but Tony hated the tincture of opium because it made him feel out of control. Because Tony was getting worse, his nurse argued that he needed intravenous nutrition and should eat only bananas, rice, applesauce, and weak tea until the diarrhea stopped. The nurse suggested adding other foods one at a time and only as tolerated. Tony's family and friends offered to take control of Tony's food preparation. The physician compared AIDS to advanced cancer and argued he would not prescribe intravenous nutrition for advanced cancer. The nurse argued that this was Tony's first AIDS infection and that his prognosis was better than someone with advanced caner. The nurse's primary focus was on stopping the diarrhea, and supplementing nutrition with IVs. Tony's friends preferred the nurse's approach, but Tony was not as easily convinced.

Which of the nursing models in this chapter best supports the nurse's plane of care?

Back 65

All nruisng models recognize and interdependence of systems and relationships that would make controlling diarrhea a top priority. None of the nursing models is any more powerful than the others as a foudnation fro the nurse's plane of care