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142 Cards in this Set
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social cognition; schemas
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the study of how people make sense of their world, how we make sense of ourselves, others, and ourselves in relation to others. Research indicates that we behave and interact in the social world through the facilitation of cognitive representations called______
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schemas (general info)
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Organized patterns of thought and behavior that influence what we attend to and how we absorb new info. They help us organize info in an efficient manner by providing tentative explanations about stimuli and a sense of prediction and control of our social worlds. Help us facilitate memory and recall, are energy-saving devices and are evaluative and affective. Used to evaluation, role playing, identification, and prediction.
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person schema- attributes that we use to categorize people and make inferences about their behavior, assess their characteristics to make evaluations about their personality traits
event schema- cognitive scripts, provide the basis for anticipating the future, setting goals, and making plans. The processes or practices we use to approach tasks or problems role schema- stereotypes, include behavior sets and role expectations (how we expect individuals to behave) self schema: cognitive representations about our self-concept, that is, perceptions of our traits, competencies, and values |
Schema research has applied to four main areas, they are:
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Social categorization;
prototypical or exemplar variables |
People rely on models of this to facilitate information processing
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prototypical variables
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Social objects, people, and events have typical or ________ variables that represent the category. The more features that are shared in a category, the more efficiency and confidence that are associated wit placing the objects in that category.
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exemplar models
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These models represent specific and concrete information about a category. Represent the extreme instances within an overall general category.
needs both models when processing |
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Attributions;
dispositional and situational *** (Heider) |
Provide explanations for behaviors and events. People observe, analyze, and explain behaviors with explanations though people attribute different kinds of explanations to behaviors. Differentiated btw two types of causal attribution: _____ & ______
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Dispositional attributions
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Refers to characteristics such as personality traits, motives, and attitudes.
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Situational attributions
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Attributions that refer to social norms, external pressures, random chance, acts of God, etc.
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Correspondent interference theory
(Jones & Davis) |
Posits that people make inferences about others' behavior when they are looking for a cause of their behavior. Review the context of the BEH; how people ID explanations of people's personal characteristics from personal evidence. (attribute an individual's free anger outbursts to an underlying stable trait within the person)
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Covariation model of attribution
(Kelly) consensus information- how other people act in the same situation and with the same stimulus distinctiveness info- how similarly people act in different situations toward different stimuli consistency information- how frequently people perceive the same stimuli and respond the same. |
Contends that we assess similarities ( _____ ) across situations to help us make causal attributions in a rational and logical manner. Uses (3) different types of info:
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Achievement attribution (Weiner) (motivation and emotion)
stable theory (stable v. unstable) the cause of the behaviors is perceived as fixed or changeable internal and external (locus of control)-- whether success or failure is attributed internally or externally controllable or uncontrollable (control)-- whether we feel we have any control over the cause |
Posits that attributions people make for success and failure elicit different emotional consequences that are characterized by three underlying dimensions:
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fundamental attribution error
attribution biases |
the tendency to overvalue personal/dispositional explanations for behavior while undervaluing situational explanations
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actor-observer effect
attribution biases |
occurs when attribute dispositional factors to other people's behavior while attributing situational factors to our behavior.
(He flunked the test because he is dumb. I flunked the test because I didn't get any sleep last night) |
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self-serving bias
also operates at the group level (protect the groups which we belong) attribution biases |
the tendency to attribute dispositional factors for success and external, incontrollable factors for failure.
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women
affiliation |
tend to spend more time engaged in conversation, esp with individuals of he same sex, and to tend to affiliate in public places
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men
affiliation |
relationships tend to center around shared activities.
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Gain-loss theory
attraction |
posits that attraction is maximized when an individual's evaluation of a person is at first negative and then changes to positive.
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Social exchange theory
attraction |
suggets that attraction occurs when the relationship's rewards exceed its costs and when the rewards to costs are reciprocal. People are more likely to remain in relationships when the rewards outweigh the costs.
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Equity theory
attraction |
focuses on relationship rewards and costs but suggests that perceptions of shared power or ______ are more important than the magnitude of costs and rewards.
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The frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration |
proposes that aggression is the result of frustration, which is produced whenever the ability to achieve a goal is blocked.
object is to remove the block, but if cannot be, aggression is taken out on another object. (dad is pissed at boss, takes it own wife) |
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Berkowitz (1971)
frustration |
suggested that frustration creates a readiness for aggression; however, expression of aggression requires both anger and arousal and the prescence of external cues.
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social learning theory
(think Bobo doll studies) aggression |
States that aggressive behaviors arise through the observation of others.
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Deindividuation
expression of anger social roles and expectations also influence aggression and antisocial behavior (Zimbardo prison study) |
Refers to the tendency of people to act aggressively when they believe their actions are anonymous.
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decreases; more likely
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The threat of retaliation often _____ aggressiveness; however, when provocation is coupled with with threat of retaliation people are _____ likely to act aggressively, but aggression may be displaced to someone other than the provocateur
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social exchange theory
altruism |
suggests that altruism exist when benefits outweigh the cost.
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egoism
altruism |
altruis to benefit the self
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altruism
altruism |
to benefit the other person
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collectivism
altruism |
to benefit a group
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principalism
altruism |
to help to uphold a moral principal
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The empathy-altrusim hypothesis
altruism |
suggests that altruism is evoked by the desire to help someone who is suffering. Feelings of concern for the other person are contrasted with personal distress, which leads people to act to reduce the negative emotions, which are experienced when suffering is witnessed.
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social influence
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occurs when an individual's attitude, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are affected by the persuasive affect of others.
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compliance- occurs when people change their behavior to obtain a reward or avoid punishment
identification- occurs when there is a behavioral change because of desired acceptance or to identify with another person internalization- acceptance of a belief, attitude, or behavior that is expressed publicly or privately |
Kelman (1958) identified three effects of social influence, they are:
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conformity
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most common type of social influence is _______. it occurs when an individual changes a belief or behavior to fit in with a particular group or to meet the expectations of others
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reactance
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occurs when a person feels his or her choices or alternatives are being taken away or limited and the reaction is the opposite of what is desired
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social power
(French and Raven, 1959) |
the exertion of influence over another person. viewed as the outcome of the exertion of ______ from one the one of the 5 distinct bases:
A person's ability to influence someone is the result of two or more bases of power. The more varied the individual sources of power, the greater the ability to influence others |
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minority influence
(Moscovici, 1985) |
occurs when the minority changes the opinion of the majority. Usually involves a shift of personal opinion. People will comply with the minority for informational reasons. More likely to occur when the point of view is consistent, flexible, clear, and aligned with current social trends. more likely to occur if either party is part of the "in-group"
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social impact theory
1) strength of the source of impact 2) immediacy of the event 3) the number of sources imposing the impact |
Provides the framework for understanding outcomes in social situations. Posits that the effects of any information source on an individual will increase with three factors:
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dynamic social impact
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expanded on social impact theory to include group interactions. Includes four components that influence how group dynamics operate and how ideas are diffused through the group:
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consolidation
dynamic social impact |
diversity reduced by minority accepting the majority opinion
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clustering
dynamic social impact |
subgroups that emerge and hold differing opinions than the overarching population
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correlation
dynamic social impact |
previously disconnected ideas become connected in some way
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principle of continuing diversity
dynamic social impact |
because there is clustering that causes subgroups to emerge, consolidation will not be able to wipe out minority opinion
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persuasion
*6 principles of persuasion (Cialdini, 2001) |
the process of guiding one's self or another toward the adoption of some attitude by some rational or symbolic means
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reciprocity
*6 principles of persuasion |
return favors and pay back
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commitment and consistency
*6 principles of persuasion |
commitment and consistency
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social proof
*6 principles of persuasion |
people do things when they see others doing them
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authority
*6 principles of persuasion |
people obey authority figures
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liking
*6 principles of persuasion |
people are persuaded by people they like
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scarcity
*6 principles of persuasion |
sense of scarcity generates demand
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Field Theory
(LEWIN, 1936) |
States that behavior is affected by both the person and concurrently the environment he or she is in, although their relative importance is different in different cases.
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Approach-Approach conflict
category of intraindividual conflict |
occurs when an individual must choose between two equally attractive goals. This type of conflict tends to be the easiest to resolve because both outcomes are appealing.
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Avoidance-Avoidance conflict
category of intraindividual conflict |
occurs when an individual must choose between two equally unattractive or negative goals. This type of conflict is generally difficult to resolve and leads to inaction, indecision, and withdrawal from the situation
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Approach-avoidance conflict
category of intraindividual conflict |
occurs when a single has both attractive and unattractive qualities. Individuals experiencing this conflict often feel increased avoidance as they move toward a goal and conversely experience increased desire toward the goal as they decide to move away from it
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Double approach-avoidance conflict
category of intraindividual conflict |
Occurs when choosing between two goals that both have attractive and unattractive qualities. This tends to be the most difficult conflict to resolve and often results in moving btw two alternatives.
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crowding
when people anticipate that an environment will be crowded or when distracted by an event, they experience less stress |
refers to the state of mind that occurs when people are in high-population-density situations. Has been linked to negative performance on complex tasks but little to no effect on simple
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density intensity hypothesis
(Deaux & Wrightsman, 1988) |
suggets that differential effects of crowding occur because crowds increase positive experiences and situations and also make unpleasant experiences more negative.
same findings with intrusions to personal space |
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organizational culture
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the shared values, beliefs, and perceptions held by employees within an organization.
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1ST level
Schein (1992) LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE |
Observable artifacts and includes dress code, stories, and rituals, and annual reports.
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2nd level
Schein (1992) LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE |
comprises of espoused values and beliefs. These are norms, goals, and ideologies held by the organization
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3rd and final level
Schein (1992) LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE |
the basic assumptions of the organization, which include the unconscious, beliefs, thoughts, and perceptions that are often considered the "unspoken" rules of the org.
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person-organization fit
good fit is achieved through the selection and socialization process of the organization and is associated with greater job satisfaction, motivation, organization commitment, and lower levels of turn-over. |
the extent to which an individual's values match those held by the organization's culture.
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Organizational culture is embedded within the culture of nations and influenced by it
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Power-distance
Hofetede's model of national culture |
the extent to which people accept an unequal distribution of power
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Uncertainty avoidance
Hofetede's model of national culture |
the ability or willingness of people to tolerate uncertainty
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individualism
Hofetede's model of national culture |
the extent to which individuals and social structures are the foundation of the social system
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masculinity
Hofetede's model of national culture |
the value placed on competitiveness, assertiveness, and independence
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long-term orientation
Hofetede's model of national culture |
the extent to which people focus on the past or present versus the future
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Darwin's sexual selection
EVO |
selection identifies same-sex competition and preferential mate choices as the driving force for mating adaptations.
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Personal investment theory
Trivers EVO |
posits that animals are most selective of mates when the investment in offspring is the greatest. Females were identified as having the greatest investment.
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Monogamous
mating strategies Schmitt and temporal context of short-term and long-term mating |
mating that occurs when two people choose to each other for exclusively reproductive efforts and can be perennial or serial. Only one at a time, but may have many serial partners over the passage of time
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Polygynous
mating strategies Schmitt and temporal context of short-term and long-term mating |
this mating occurs when one male mates with numerous females, but the females only mate with one male. *The most preferred mating style
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Polyandrous
mating strategies Schmitt and temporal context of short-term and long-term mating |
this mating occurs when females compete for access to numerous males, and after mating with an individual male, abandon the male and offspring entirely. *Is not the preferred mating arrangement as it is found in less than 1% of pre-industrial cultures.
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empathy-altruism hypothesis
Batson (1991) |
If we feel empathy towards a person, we are likely to help them (in proportion to the amount of empathy felt) without any selfish thoughts. Otherwise, we will help them only if rewards of helping them outweigh the costs.
motivation can be altruistic, egoist, or both high-empathy groups have been found to help no more if the task was tough or easy |
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another's feelings; by sharing emotions, feelings, and sensations; by valuing another's welfare; and by recognition of kinship, similarity, or closeness.
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The Finkel (2010) report concluded that empathy for another person can be evoked by focusing on:
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social or self-punishments
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Empathy-induced behavior motivated by the goal of _____ or _____ for failing to help has consistently supported the empathy-altruism hypothesis
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Freud's psychoanalytic theory; review
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Composes of three distinct aspects of personality: the id, ego, and super ego
The id is present at birth and operates on the pleasure principle. It consists both of life (libido) and death (destruction) instincts. Primary process of thinking and basic instincts. The EGO (6 months of age) strives to mediate the conflicting demands of the id and reality and defer gratification until appropriate (secondary processing/rational thinking), around 4-5 year the super ego forms; is an internalization of society's values and standards conveyed to a child through reward and punishment. Driven by the concepts of right and wrong and attempts to block ID. Overdeveloped EGO and SUPEREGO can lead to issues. |
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Object relations theory
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this theory emphasizes the process by which an infant assumes his or her own physical and psychological identity. Objects are conceptualized as as internalized images, which assist the unconscious in making sense of people and the environment, most often based on the mother and father.
normal symbiosis ( I and not I) separation-individuation (separation and sensory exploration) object constancy- develops a permanent sense of self and object |
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Jungian theories
thinking; feeling; sensing; and intuition The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator |
conceptualize personality as a consequence of both the conscious and unconscious mind. The conscious mind is oriented toward the external world. It is governed by the ego and is rep of individual thoughts/feelings. The unconscious mind contains both the personal collective and unconscious. The p. unconscious consists of hidden memories that are passed down from on generation to the next. A persona is a public task that overemphasizes individuality, minimizes the collective psyche, and hides the true nature of the individual.
archetypes: primordial images, which cause people to experience and understand phenomena in a universal way. the self struggles with feminine (anima) and masculine (animus) parts of self personality is based on how we perceive things, four basic psychological functions that contribute to these processes: the fx the person most used is dominant and may be either introverted or extroverted. What personality test grew from this theory? |
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Adlerian theory
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Postulates that basic mistakes originating from faulty perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs lead to myths, which strongly influence personality.
people strive for superiority due to an inherent tendency towards becoming competent and achieving perfect completion style of life: unifies various aspects of life and is affected by early childhood experience in the family ***birth order***: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only a healthy style of life includes goals that reflect optimism, confidence, and entails contributions to to the welfare of others unhealthy style: includes goals reflecting self-centerdness, competition, and striving of personal power. |
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Self psychology theory
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Hypothesizes that an illness or personality disruption is the result of unmet developmental needs. Emphasizes the parents ability to provide a child with factors that lead to a cohesive sense of self or healthy narcissism. key factors = include empahy and optimal frustration.
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existential view of the mind
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based on the principle that humans are alone in the world yet long to be connected with others. ANX arises when individuals are confronted with normal life experiences, including death, isolation, meaninglessness, and freedom. An individual's response to these to there four concerns may be functional or dysfunctional and that every individual has a capacity of choice and direction in his or her life. Health is seen in the ability to integrate these concepts. Unhealthy personality becomes overwhelmed by freedom or limitations and is unable to balance the realities of living.
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person-centered theories
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The central concept of theses theories is the "self". The whole person is composed of "I or me" and perceptions of I or me in relation to others. Individuals have an inherent need for positive regard from others they depend on. In order to grow, self must remain unified and respond to environmental demands as a whole. The ideal self and the self concept develop over time. If the individual is unwilling and rigid with perceptions, then he or she will often overgeneralize experience and have a poor reality testings, sometimes leading to various personality disorders.
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Gestalt Theories
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postulate that personality consists of self and self-image. The self is the creative aspect of personality that promotes self-actualization. The self-image is the darker side of personality. Personality depends on early interactions w/ the environment. There needs to be a balance between personal needs and environmental demands. Introject: a value that is not assimilated into the self and creates conflict within the personality.
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Stimulus-Response-Consequence
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Created to analyze behavior. This model suggests that we do things because of learned consequences, called contingencies of reinforcement. These may be + or - and may occur whether the behavior does or does not occur.
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social cognitive theory
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Bandura: reciprocal determinism btw the interaction of personal factors, behavior, and the environment. Behavior is explained as being guided by cognitions about world, especially those about other people. The person and the environment interact, however, heavy emphasis is placed on cognitive abilities. Emphasis on cognitive processes such as thinking and judgement
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Reality theory
belonging, power, freedom, and fun + survival (Glasser) |
Proposes that human behavior is purposeful and originates from within the individual rather than external forces. Several basic innate needs and one physical:
A successful identity fulfills needs in a responsible manner, whereas a failure gratifies a need to be irresponsible. |
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Trait theory
Cardinal traits Allport current trend is a shift to studying group statistics (nomothetic) rather than individual (idiographic) traits |
focuses on the role of specific personality traits. These are thought to be relatively stable over time and are defined as patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. Central traits are basic aspects of someone's personality, whereas secondary traits are less important. ______ traits are the characteristics by which an individual may be recognized
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Interpersonal and Systematic Thoery
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Combine elements of both psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapies. The common theme in these approaches is the focus on elements external to the individual as largely contributing to behavior rather than aspects of personality. All systems are important
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Age and generational influence
Developmental and acquired Disabilities Religion and spiritual orientation Ethnicity SES Sexual orientation Indigenous heritage National origin Gender |
What does the addrressing principle stand for?
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belief in superiority
belief in the inferirority of others power to impose standards manifestation in institutions invisble veil |
What are the 5 components of ethnic monoculturalism?
Reinforce prejudice and discrimination and lead to labeling individuals in nondominant groups as being the ones with problems |
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global psychology;
international psychology; cross-cultural psychology |
used to imply a worldwide scope
differences among nations differences among cultures |
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Pre-encounter stage
The Black Racial Identity Development Model |
Race and identity have low salience. In assimilation substage adopt mainstream identity, in the anti-Black substage accept negative beliefs about Black people and as a result are likely to have low self-esteem
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Encounter Stage
The Black Racial Identity Development Model |
*Exposure to single significant race-related event or series of events leads to racial/cultural awareness and interest in Black Identity
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Immersion -emersion stage
The Black Racial Identity Development Model |
Race and identity have high salienceduring this stage. Individuals in this substage idealize Blacks and Black culture and feel a great deal of rage towards Whites as well as guilt and anxiety about his or her own previous lack of awareness of race. During the second part of this stage, intense emotions subside but individuals reject all aspects of White culture and begin to internalize a Black identity
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Internalization stage
The Black Racial Identity Development Model |
Race continues to have high salience. Individuals in this stage have adopted one of three identities: pro-black (Afrocentric); biculturist orientation that integrates Black identity with White or another salient cultural idenitity; or multiculturalist that integrates Black identity with two or more salient cultural identities
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race salience
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The extent to which an individual's race is currently a relevant part his or her self-concept
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Contact status
White Racial Identity Development Model |
Little awareness of racism and racial identity and may exhibit unsophisticated behaviors that reflect racist attitudes and beliefs. (obliviousness and denial)
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Disintegration status
White Racial Identity Development Model |
Increasing awareness of race and racism leads to confusion and emotional conflict. To reduce dissonance, person may overidentify with members of minority groups, act in paternalistic ways toward them, or retreat into White society (Suppression of information and ambivalence )
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Reintegration status
White Racial Identity Development Model |
attempts to resolve moral dilemmas associated with the disintegration status by idealizing White society and denigrating members of minority groups (Selective perception and negative out-group distortion)
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Psuedoindependence status
White Racial Identity Development Model |
Personally jarring event or series of events causes person question racist views and acknowledge role that Whites have in perpetrating racism; interested in understanding racial/cultural differences but only on an intellectual level (selective perception and reshaping reality)
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Immerson-emersion status
White Racial Identity Development Model |
explores what it means to White, confronts own biases, and begins to understand ways he or she can benefit from White privilege (hypervigilance and reshaping)
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Autonomy status
White Racial Identity Development Model |
internalizes nonracist White identity that includes appeciation of and respect for racial/cultural differences and similarities
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Stage 1: Conformity
Racial/Cultural Development Model |
Positive attitudes toward a preference for dominant cultural values and depreciating attitudes toward one's own culture
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Stage 2: Dissonance
Racial/Cultural Development Model |
Confusion and conflict over the contradictory appreciating and depreciating attitudes that one has toward self and others of the same and different groups
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Stage 3: Resistance and immersion
Racial/Cultural Development Model |
Active rejection of the dominant society; exhibits appreciating attitudes toward self and members of one's group
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Stage 4: Introspection
Racial/Cultural Development Model |
Uncertainty about the rigidity of beliefs held in stage 3 and conflicts between loyalty and responsibility toward one's own group and feelings of personal autonomy
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Stage 5: Integrative Awareness
Racial/Cultural Development Model |
Epxerience a sense of fulfillment with regard to cultural identity and has a strong desire to eliminate all forms of oppression; adopts a multicultural perspective and objectively examines the values, beliefs, etc. of one's own and other groups before accepting or rejecting them
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prejudice
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Defined as intolerant, unfair, or negative attitude toward and individual simply because of his or her group membership (affective)
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discrimination
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includes negative, unfair and often aggressive acts toward members of a particular group.
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stereotyping
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occurs when an individual holds schemas about entire groups that contain overismplified, rigid, and generalized impressions of others (cognitive component, may not be aware of this)
aversive racism or perceived threat |
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symbolic (modern) racism
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more prevalent racism, microaggression, less blatant
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sexual prejudice
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refers to negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual
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Sexism
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discrimination against men or women because of race
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Classism
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being discriminated against because of class or SES can also deeply effect individuals.
can lead to psychologists overpathologizing individuals because of their status or because their needs are not being met |
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contact hypothesis
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states that stereotypes will decrease when contact among members of different group increases, but groups must be equal and to achieve mutual goals
(law can also changes attitudes, even if it is not the public's consensus) |
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Identity confusion
Cass Identity Model |
First awareness of gay or lesbian thoughts, feelings, and attractions; individuals often feel confused and disoriented
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Identity comparison
Cass Identity Model |
Individual accepts possibility of being gay or lesbian and thinks of implications; may include grief, isolation, and self-alienation while trying to compartmentalize sexuality
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Identity tolerance
Cass Identity Model |
Individual understand he or she is not alone; beginning to accept self and commit to being lesbian or gay; seeks out others and addresses own heterosexism and internalized homophobia
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Identity acceptance
Cass Identity Model |
Individual accepts him- or herself and is hopeful- positive meaning; attempts to have congruent personal and public self- deciding how/if/when to disclose
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Identity pride
Cass Identity Model |
World may be seen as divided between hetersexual and homosexual (us vs. them)
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Identity synthesis
Cass Identity Model |
Individual intergrates his or her sexual identity with other aspects of self
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Stage 1: Sensitization; feeling different
Gay Identity Acquisition Model |
During this stage (usually middle childhood) individual feels different from his or her peers.
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Stage 2: Self-recognition; identity confusion
Gay Identity Acquisition Model |
Usually onset of puberty, individual realizes he or she is attracted to people of the same sex and attributes those feelings to homosexuality, which leads to confusion and turmoil
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Stage 3: Identity assumption
Gay Identity Acquisition Model |
Individual becomes more certain of his or her homosexuality and may deal with the realization in a variety of ways (try to pass as straight, align with LGBT community, or try to act in stereotypical ways
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Stage 4: Committment; identity integration
Gay Identity Acquisition Model |
Adopt a homosexual way of life and publicly disclose as homosexual
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Gender identity
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refers to a person's sense of being male or female. develops early, by age 3. Learn what behaviors are considered appropriate for their gender (gender-role stereotypes)
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Psychodynamic theory
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suggests that development of gender identity relies on successful resolution of psychosexual crisis that occurs in the phallic stage of development. Resolution occurs when identification with same-sex parent and gender identity
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Social learning theory
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proposes that gender-role development is the result of observational learning and differential reinforcement.
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Cognitive Development Theory
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Suggest that gender-role development occurs in a series of stages that parallel cognitive development.
gender stable over time constant across situations and people cannot change gender |
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Gender Schema Theory
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Suggests that development of gender-role identity is the result of a combination of social learning and cognitive development. Children create schemas of masculinity and femininity based on their sociocultural experiences. These often disappeare in late adolescence and switch in middle age
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Medical model of disability
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Suggests that disability is a problem directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health conditions that require sustained medical treatment provided by professionals
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Social model of disability
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views diability as a socially created problem that is the results of loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level because of physical and social barriers
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The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, 1991)
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Prohibits employers from discriminating against qualified individuals with mental or physical disabilities. If a disables person is able to perform the essential functions of a jo, he or she is considered qualified and the employer must make reasonable accomodations, as long as they do not place undue hardship on the employer; If medical exams are given this must be given to all applicants. Drug tests are an excepton and not considered a medical test
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Acculturation
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refers to the extent to which a culturally diverse group accepts and adheres to values, attitudes, and behaviors of their own group and the dominant majority group.
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Integration
Four categories of acculturation status (Berry et al. 1987) |
A person maintains his or her own (minority) culture and also incorporates many aspects of the dominant culture
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Assimilation
Four categories of acculturation status (Berry et al. 1987) |
A person relinquishes his or her culture and accepts majority culture
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Separation
Four categories of acculturation status (Berry et al. 1987) |
A person withdraws from the dominant culture and accepts his or her own culture
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Marginalization
Four categories of acculturation status (Berry et al. 1987) |
A person does not identify with either his or her own culture or the majority culture
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blended culture or separated
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African Americans and Mexican Americans usually describes themselves as either:
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High-context communication
culturally mediated communication patterns |
grounded in the situation, depends on group understanding, and relies heavily on nonverbal cues. Helps to unify cultures and changes slowly
(culturally diverse groups) |
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Low-context communication
culturally mediated communication patterns |
depends on the explicit, verbal part of the message. It can change quickly and easily and is less unifying form of communication (Euro-american culture)
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