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142 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
social cognition; schemas
the study of how people make sense of their world, how we make sense of ourselves, others, and ourselves in relation to others. Research indicates that we behave and interact in the social world through the facilitation of cognitive representations called______
schemas (general info)
Organized patterns of thought and behavior that influence what we attend to and how we absorb new info. They help us organize info in an efficient manner by providing tentative explanations about stimuli and a sense of prediction and control of our social worlds. Help us facilitate memory and recall, are energy-saving devices and are evaluative and affective. Used to evaluation, role playing, identification, and prediction.
person schema- attributes that we use to categorize people and make inferences about their behavior, assess their characteristics to make evaluations about their personality traits

event schema- cognitive scripts, provide the basis for anticipating the future, setting goals, and making plans. The processes or practices we use to approach tasks or problems

role schema- stereotypes, include behavior sets and role expectations (how we expect individuals to behave)

self schema: cognitive representations about our self-concept, that is, perceptions of our traits, competencies, and values
Schema research has applied to four main areas, they are:
Social categorization;

prototypical or exemplar variables
People rely on models of this to facilitate information processing
prototypical variables
Social objects, people, and events have typical or ________ variables that represent the category. The more features that are shared in a category, the more efficiency and confidence that are associated wit placing the objects in that category.
exemplar models
These models represent specific and concrete information about a category. Represent the extreme instances within an overall general category.

needs both models when processing
Attributions;

dispositional and situational ***

(Heider)
Provide explanations for behaviors and events. People observe, analyze, and explain behaviors with explanations though people attribute different kinds of explanations to behaviors. Differentiated btw two types of causal attribution: _____ & ______
Dispositional attributions
Refers to characteristics such as personality traits, motives, and attitudes.
Situational attributions
Attributions that refer to social norms, external pressures, random chance, acts of God, etc.
Correspondent interference theory

(Jones & Davis)
Posits that people make inferences about others' behavior when they are looking for a cause of their behavior. Review the context of the BEH; how people ID explanations of people's personal characteristics from personal evidence. (attribute an individual's free anger outbursts to an underlying stable trait within the person)
Covariation model of attribution

(Kelly)

consensus information- how other people act in the same situation and with the same stimulus
distinctiveness info- how similarly people act in different situations toward different stimuli
consistency information- how frequently people perceive the same stimuli and respond the same.
Contends that we assess similarities ( _____ ) across situations to help us make causal attributions in a rational and logical manner. Uses (3) different types of info:
Achievement attribution (Weiner) (motivation and emotion)

stable theory (stable v. unstable) the cause of the behaviors is perceived as fixed or changeable

internal and external (locus of control)-- whether success or failure is attributed internally or externally

controllable or uncontrollable (control)-- whether we feel we have any control over the cause
Posits that attributions people make for success and failure elicit different emotional consequences that are characterized by three underlying dimensions:
fundamental attribution error

attribution biases
the tendency to overvalue personal/dispositional explanations for behavior while undervaluing situational explanations
actor-observer effect

attribution biases
occurs when attribute dispositional factors to other people's behavior while attributing situational factors to our behavior.

(He flunked the test because he is dumb. I flunked the test because I didn't get any sleep last night)
self-serving bias

also operates at the group level (protect the groups which we belong)

attribution biases
the tendency to attribute dispositional factors for success and external, incontrollable factors for failure.
women

affiliation
tend to spend more time engaged in conversation, esp with individuals of he same sex, and to tend to affiliate in public places
men

affiliation
relationships tend to center around shared activities.
Gain-loss theory

attraction
posits that attraction is maximized when an individual's evaluation of a person is at first negative and then changes to positive.
Social exchange theory

attraction
suggets that attraction occurs when the relationship's rewards exceed its costs and when the rewards to costs are reciprocal. People are more likely to remain in relationships when the rewards outweigh the costs.
Equity theory

attraction
focuses on relationship rewards and costs but suggests that perceptions of shared power or ______ are more important than the magnitude of costs and rewards.
The frustration-aggression hypothesis

frustration
proposes that aggression is the result of frustration, which is produced whenever the ability to achieve a goal is blocked.

object is to remove the block, but if cannot be, aggression is taken out on another object. (dad is pissed at boss, takes it own wife)
Berkowitz (1971)

frustration
suggested that frustration creates a readiness for aggression; however, expression of aggression requires both anger and arousal and the prescence of external cues.
social learning theory

(think Bobo doll studies)

aggression
States that aggressive behaviors arise through the observation of others.
Deindividuation

expression of anger

social roles and expectations also influence aggression and antisocial behavior (Zimbardo prison study)
Refers to the tendency of people to act aggressively when they believe their actions are anonymous.
decreases; more likely
The threat of retaliation often _____ aggressiveness; however, when provocation is coupled with with threat of retaliation people are _____ likely to act aggressively, but aggression may be displaced to someone other than the provocateur
social exchange theory

altruism
suggests that altruism exist when benefits outweigh the cost.
egoism

altruism
altruis to benefit the self
altruism

altruism
to benefit the other person
collectivism

altruism
to benefit a group
principalism

altruism
to help to uphold a moral principal
The empathy-altrusim hypothesis

altruism
suggests that altruism is evoked by the desire to help someone who is suffering. Feelings of concern for the other person are contrasted with personal distress, which leads people to act to reduce the negative emotions, which are experienced when suffering is witnessed.
social influence
occurs when an individual's attitude, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are affected by the persuasive affect of others.
compliance- occurs when people change their behavior to obtain a reward or avoid punishment

identification- occurs when there is a behavioral change because of desired acceptance or to identify with another person

internalization- acceptance of a belief, attitude, or behavior that is expressed publicly or privately
Kelman (1958) identified three effects of social influence, they are:
conformity
most common type of social influence is _______. it occurs when an individual changes a belief or behavior to fit in with a particular group or to meet the expectations of others
reactance
occurs when a person feels his or her choices or alternatives are being taken away or limited and the reaction is the opposite of what is desired
social power

(French and Raven, 1959)
the exertion of influence over another person. viewed as the outcome of the exertion of ______ from one the one of the 5 distinct bases:

A person's ability to influence someone is the result of two or more bases of power. The more varied the individual sources of power, the greater the ability to influence others
minority influence

(Moscovici, 1985)
occurs when the minority changes the opinion of the majority. Usually involves a shift of personal opinion. People will comply with the minority for informational reasons. More likely to occur when the point of view is consistent, flexible, clear, and aligned with current social trends. more likely to occur if either party is part of the "in-group"
social impact theory

1) strength of the source of impact
2) immediacy of the event
3) the number of sources imposing the impact
Provides the framework for understanding outcomes in social situations. Posits that the effects of any information source on an individual will increase with three factors:
dynamic social impact
expanded on social impact theory to include group interactions. Includes four components that influence how group dynamics operate and how ideas are diffused through the group:
consolidation

dynamic social impact
diversity reduced by minority accepting the majority opinion
clustering

dynamic social impact
subgroups that emerge and hold differing opinions than the overarching population
correlation

dynamic social impact
previously disconnected ideas become connected in some way
principle of continuing diversity

dynamic social impact
because there is clustering that causes subgroups to emerge, consolidation will not be able to wipe out minority opinion
persuasion

*6 principles of persuasion

(Cialdini, 2001)
the process of guiding one's self or another toward the adoption of some attitude by some rational or symbolic means
reciprocity

*6 principles of persuasion
return favors and pay back
commitment and consistency

*6 principles of persuasion
commitment and consistency
social proof

*6 principles of persuasion
people do things when they see others doing them
authority

*6 principles of persuasion
people obey authority figures
liking

*6 principles of persuasion
people are persuaded by people they like
scarcity

*6 principles of persuasion
sense of scarcity generates demand
Field Theory

(LEWIN, 1936)
States that behavior is affected by both the person and concurrently the environment he or she is in, although their relative importance is different in different cases.
Approach-Approach conflict

category of intraindividual conflict
occurs when an individual must choose between two equally attractive goals. This type of conflict tends to be the easiest to resolve because both outcomes are appealing.
Avoidance-Avoidance conflict

category of intraindividual conflict
occurs when an individual must choose between two equally unattractive or negative goals. This type of conflict is generally difficult to resolve and leads to inaction, indecision, and withdrawal from the situation
Approach-avoidance conflict

category of intraindividual conflict
occurs when a single has both attractive and unattractive qualities. Individuals experiencing this conflict often feel increased avoidance as they move toward a goal and conversely experience increased desire toward the goal as they decide to move away from it
Double approach-avoidance conflict

category of intraindividual conflict
Occurs when choosing between two goals that both have attractive and unattractive qualities. This tends to be the most difficult conflict to resolve and often results in moving btw two alternatives.
crowding


when people anticipate that an environment will be crowded or when distracted by an event, they experience less stress
refers to the state of mind that occurs when people are in high-population-density situations. Has been linked to negative performance on complex tasks but little to no effect on simple
density intensity hypothesis

(Deaux & Wrightsman, 1988)
suggets that differential effects of crowding occur because crowds increase positive experiences and situations and also make unpleasant experiences more negative.

same findings with intrusions to personal space
organizational culture
the shared values, beliefs, and perceptions held by employees within an organization.
1ST level

Schein (1992) LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
Observable artifacts and includes dress code, stories, and rituals, and annual reports.
2nd level

Schein (1992) LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
comprises of espoused values and beliefs. These are norms, goals, and ideologies held by the organization
3rd and final level

Schein (1992) LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
the basic assumptions of the organization, which include the unconscious, beliefs, thoughts, and perceptions that are often considered the "unspoken" rules of the org.
person-organization fit

good fit is achieved through the selection and socialization process of the organization and is associated with greater job satisfaction, motivation, organization commitment, and lower levels of turn-over.
the extent to which an individual's values match those held by the organization's culture.
Organizational culture is embedded within the culture of nations and influenced by it
-
Power-distance

Hofetede's model of national culture
the extent to which people accept an unequal distribution of power
Uncertainty avoidance

Hofetede's model of national culture
the ability or willingness of people to tolerate uncertainty
individualism

Hofetede's model of national culture
the extent to which individuals and social structures are the foundation of the social system
masculinity

Hofetede's model of national culture
the value placed on competitiveness, assertiveness, and independence
long-term orientation

Hofetede's model of national culture
the extent to which people focus on the past or present versus the future
Darwin's sexual selection

EVO
selection identifies same-sex competition and preferential mate choices as the driving force for mating adaptations.
Personal investment theory

Trivers

EVO
posits that animals are most selective of mates when the investment in offspring is the greatest. Females were identified as having the greatest investment.
Monogamous

mating strategies

Schmitt and temporal context of short-term and long-term mating
mating that occurs when two people choose to each other for exclusively reproductive efforts and can be perennial or serial. Only one at a time, but may have many serial partners over the passage of time
Polygynous

mating strategies

Schmitt and temporal context of short-term and long-term mating
this mating occurs when one male mates with numerous females, but the females only mate with one male. *The most preferred mating style
Polyandrous

mating strategies

Schmitt and temporal context of short-term and long-term mating
this mating occurs when females compete for access to numerous males, and after mating with an individual male, abandon the male and offspring entirely. *Is not the preferred mating arrangement as it is found in less than 1% of pre-industrial cultures.
empathy-altruism hypothesis

Batson (1991)
If we feel empathy towards a person, we are likely to help them (in proportion to the amount of empathy felt) without any selfish thoughts. Otherwise, we will help them only if rewards of helping them outweigh the costs.

motivation can be altruistic, egoist, or both

high-empathy groups have been found to help no more if the task was tough or easy
another's feelings; by sharing emotions, feelings, and sensations; by valuing another's welfare; and by recognition of kinship, similarity, or closeness.
The Finkel (2010) report concluded that empathy for another person can be evoked by focusing on:
social or self-punishments
Empathy-induced behavior motivated by the goal of _____ or _____ for failing to help has consistently supported the empathy-altruism hypothesis
Freud's psychoanalytic theory; review
Composes of three distinct aspects of personality: the id, ego, and super ego
The id is present at birth and operates on the pleasure principle. It consists both of life (libido) and death (destruction) instincts. Primary process of thinking and basic instincts. The EGO (6 months of age) strives to mediate the conflicting demands of the id and reality and defer gratification until appropriate (secondary processing/rational thinking), around 4-5 year the super ego forms; is an internalization of society's values and standards conveyed to a child through reward and punishment. Driven by the concepts of right and wrong and attempts to block ID. Overdeveloped EGO and SUPEREGO can lead to issues.
Object relations theory
this theory emphasizes the process by which an infant assumes his or her own physical and psychological identity. Objects are conceptualized as as internalized images, which assist the unconscious in making sense of people and the environment, most often based on the mother and father.

normal symbiosis ( I and not I)
separation-individuation (separation and sensory exploration)
object constancy- develops a permanent sense of self and object
Jungian theories

thinking; feeling; sensing; and intuition

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
conceptualize personality as a consequence of both the conscious and unconscious mind. The conscious mind is oriented toward the external world. It is governed by the ego and is rep of individual thoughts/feelings. The unconscious mind contains both the personal collective and unconscious. The p. unconscious consists of hidden memories that are passed down from on generation to the next. A persona is a public task that overemphasizes individuality, minimizes the collective psyche, and hides the true nature of the individual.

archetypes: primordial images, which cause people to experience and understand phenomena in a universal way.

the self struggles with feminine (anima) and masculine (animus) parts of self

personality is based on how we perceive things, four basic psychological functions that contribute to these processes:
the fx the person most used is dominant and may be either introverted or extroverted. What personality test grew from this theory?
Adlerian theory
Postulates that basic mistakes originating from faulty perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs lead to myths, which strongly influence personality.

people strive for superiority due to an inherent tendency towards becoming competent and achieving perfect completion

style of life: unifies various aspects of life and is affected by early childhood experience in the family

***birth order***: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only

a healthy style of life includes goals that reflect optimism, confidence, and entails contributions to to the welfare of others

unhealthy style: includes goals reflecting self-centerdness, competition, and striving of personal power.
Self psychology theory
Hypothesizes that an illness or personality disruption is the result of unmet developmental needs. Emphasizes the parents ability to provide a child with factors that lead to a cohesive sense of self or healthy narcissism. key factors = include empahy and optimal frustration.
existential view of the mind
based on the principle that humans are alone in the world yet long to be connected with others. ANX arises when individuals are confronted with normal life experiences, including death, isolation, meaninglessness, and freedom. An individual's response to these to there four concerns may be functional or dysfunctional and that every individual has a capacity of choice and direction in his or her life. Health is seen in the ability to integrate these concepts. Unhealthy personality becomes overwhelmed by freedom or limitations and is unable to balance the realities of living.
person-centered theories
The central concept of theses theories is the "self". The whole person is composed of "I or me" and perceptions of I or me in relation to others. Individuals have an inherent need for positive regard from others they depend on. In order to grow, self must remain unified and respond to environmental demands as a whole. The ideal self and the self concept develop over time. If the individual is unwilling and rigid with perceptions, then he or she will often overgeneralize experience and have a poor reality testings, sometimes leading to various personality disorders.
Gestalt Theories
postulate that personality consists of self and self-image. The self is the creative aspect of personality that promotes self-actualization. The self-image is the darker side of personality. Personality depends on early interactions w/ the environment. There needs to be a balance between personal needs and environmental demands. Introject: a value that is not assimilated into the self and creates conflict within the personality.
Stimulus-Response-Consequence
Created to analyze behavior. This model suggests that we do things because of learned consequences, called contingencies of reinforcement. These may be + or - and may occur whether the behavior does or does not occur.
social cognitive theory
Bandura: reciprocal determinism btw the interaction of personal factors, behavior, and the environment. Behavior is explained as being guided by cognitions about world, especially those about other people. The person and the environment interact, however, heavy emphasis is placed on cognitive abilities. Emphasis on cognitive processes such as thinking and judgement
Reality theory

belonging, power, freedom, and fun + survival

(Glasser)
Proposes that human behavior is purposeful and originates from within the individual rather than external forces. Several basic innate needs and one physical:

A successful identity fulfills needs in a responsible manner, whereas a failure gratifies a need to be irresponsible.
Trait theory

Cardinal traits

Allport

current trend is a shift to studying group statistics (nomothetic) rather than individual (idiographic) traits
focuses on the role of specific personality traits. These are thought to be relatively stable over time and are defined as patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. Central traits are basic aspects of someone's personality, whereas secondary traits are less important. ______ traits are the characteristics by which an individual may be recognized
Interpersonal and Systematic Thoery
Combine elements of both psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapies. The common theme in these approaches is the focus on elements external to the individual as largely contributing to behavior rather than aspects of personality. All systems are important
Age and generational influence
Developmental and acquired
Disabilities
Religion and spiritual orientation
Ethnicity
SES
Sexual orientation

Indigenous heritage

National origin

Gender
What does the addrressing principle stand for?
belief in superiority
belief in the inferirority of others
power to impose standards
manifestation in institutions
invisble veil
What are the 5 components of ethnic monoculturalism?


Reinforce prejudice and discrimination and lead to labeling individuals in nondominant groups as being the ones with problems
global psychology;
international psychology;
cross-cultural psychology
used to imply a worldwide scope
differences among nations
differences among cultures
Pre-encounter stage


The Black Racial Identity Development Model
Race and identity have low salience. In assimilation substage adopt mainstream identity, in the anti-Black substage accept negative beliefs about Black people and as a result are likely to have low self-esteem
Encounter Stage

The Black Racial Identity Development Model
*Exposure to single significant race-related event or series of events leads to racial/cultural awareness and interest in Black Identity
Immersion -emersion stage

The Black Racial Identity Development Model
Race and identity have high salienceduring this stage. Individuals in this substage idealize Blacks and Black culture and feel a great deal of rage towards Whites as well as guilt and anxiety about his or her own previous lack of awareness of race. During the second part of this stage, intense emotions subside but individuals reject all aspects of White culture and begin to internalize a Black identity
Internalization stage


The Black Racial Identity Development Model
Race continues to have high salience. Individuals in this stage have adopted one of three identities: pro-black (Afrocentric); biculturist orientation that integrates Black identity with White or another salient cultural idenitity; or multiculturalist that integrates Black identity with two or more salient cultural identities
race salience
The extent to which an individual's race is currently a relevant part his or her self-concept
Contact status


White Racial Identity Development Model
Little awareness of racism and racial identity and may exhibit unsophisticated behaviors that reflect racist attitudes and beliefs. (obliviousness and denial)
Disintegration status

White Racial Identity Development Model
Increasing awareness of race and racism leads to confusion and emotional conflict. To reduce dissonance, person may overidentify with members of minority groups, act in paternalistic ways toward them, or retreat into White society (Suppression of information and ambivalence )
Reintegration status

White Racial Identity Development Model
attempts to resolve moral dilemmas associated with the disintegration status by idealizing White society and denigrating members of minority groups (Selective perception and negative out-group distortion)
Psuedoindependence status


White Racial Identity Development Model
Personally jarring event or series of events causes person question racist views and acknowledge role that Whites have in perpetrating racism; interested in understanding racial/cultural differences but only on an intellectual level (selective perception and reshaping reality)
Immerson-emersion status

White Racial Identity Development Model
explores what it means to White, confronts own biases, and begins to understand ways he or she can benefit from White privilege (hypervigilance and reshaping)
Autonomy status


White Racial Identity Development Model
internalizes nonracist White identity that includes appeciation of and respect for racial/cultural differences and similarities
Stage 1: Conformity

Racial/Cultural Development Model
Positive attitudes toward a preference for dominant cultural values and depreciating attitudes toward one's own culture
Stage 2: Dissonance


Racial/Cultural Development Model
Confusion and conflict over the contradictory appreciating and depreciating attitudes that one has toward self and others of the same and different groups
Stage 3: Resistance and immersion


Racial/Cultural Development Model
Active rejection of the dominant society; exhibits appreciating attitudes toward self and members of one's group
Stage 4: Introspection

Racial/Cultural Development Model
Uncertainty about the rigidity of beliefs held in stage 3 and conflicts between loyalty and responsibility toward one's own group and feelings of personal autonomy
Stage 5: Integrative Awareness

Racial/Cultural Development Model
Epxerience a sense of fulfillment with regard to cultural identity and has a strong desire to eliminate all forms of oppression; adopts a multicultural perspective and objectively examines the values, beliefs, etc. of one's own and other groups before accepting or rejecting them
prejudice
Defined as intolerant, unfair, or negative attitude toward and individual simply because of his or her group membership (affective)
discrimination
includes negative, unfair and often aggressive acts toward members of a particular group.
stereotyping
occurs when an individual holds schemas about entire groups that contain overismplified, rigid, and generalized impressions of others (cognitive component, may not be aware of this)

aversive racism or perceived threat
symbolic (modern) racism
more prevalent racism, microaggression, less blatant
sexual prejudice
refers to negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual
Sexism
discrimination against men or women because of race
Classism
being discriminated against because of class or SES can also deeply effect individuals.


can lead to psychologists overpathologizing individuals because of their status or because their needs are not being met
contact hypothesis
states that stereotypes will decrease when contact among members of different group increases, but groups must be equal and to achieve mutual goals


(law can also changes attitudes, even if it is not the public's consensus)
Identity confusion

Cass Identity Model
First awareness of gay or lesbian thoughts, feelings, and attractions; individuals often feel confused and disoriented
Identity comparison

Cass Identity Model
Individual accepts possibility of being gay or lesbian and thinks of implications; may include grief, isolation, and self-alienation while trying to compartmentalize sexuality
Identity tolerance

Cass Identity Model
Individual understand he or she is not alone; beginning to accept self and commit to being lesbian or gay; seeks out others and addresses own heterosexism and internalized homophobia
Identity acceptance


Cass Identity Model
Individual accepts him- or herself and is hopeful- positive meaning; attempts to have congruent personal and public self- deciding how/if/when to disclose
Identity pride


Cass Identity Model
World may be seen as divided between hetersexual and homosexual (us vs. them)
Identity synthesis


Cass Identity Model
Individual intergrates his or her sexual identity with other aspects of self
Stage 1: Sensitization; feeling different

Gay Identity Acquisition Model
During this stage (usually middle childhood) individual feels different from his or her peers.
Stage 2: Self-recognition; identity confusion


Gay Identity Acquisition Model
Usually onset of puberty, individual realizes he or she is attracted to people of the same sex and attributes those feelings to homosexuality, which leads to confusion and turmoil
Stage 3: Identity assumption

Gay Identity Acquisition Model
Individual becomes more certain of his or her homosexuality and may deal with the realization in a variety of ways (try to pass as straight, align with LGBT community, or try to act in stereotypical ways
Stage 4: Committment; identity integration


Gay Identity Acquisition Model
Adopt a homosexual way of life and publicly disclose as homosexual
Gender identity
refers to a person's sense of being male or female. develops early, by age 3. Learn what behaviors are considered appropriate for their gender (gender-role stereotypes)
Psychodynamic theory
suggests that development of gender identity relies on successful resolution of psychosexual crisis that occurs in the phallic stage of development. Resolution occurs when identification with same-sex parent and gender identity
Social learning theory
proposes that gender-role development is the result of observational learning and differential reinforcement.
Cognitive Development Theory
Suggest that gender-role development occurs in a series of stages that parallel cognitive development.

gender
stable over time
constant across situations and people cannot change gender
Gender Schema Theory
Suggests that development of gender-role identity is the result of a combination of social learning and cognitive development. Children create schemas of masculinity and femininity based on their sociocultural experiences. These often disappeare in late adolescence and switch in middle age
Medical model of disability
Suggests that disability is a problem directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health conditions that require sustained medical treatment provided by professionals
Social model of disability
views diability as a socially created problem that is the results of loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level because of physical and social barriers
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, 1991)
Prohibits employers from discriminating against qualified individuals with mental or physical disabilities. If a disables person is able to perform the essential functions of a jo, he or she is considered qualified and the employer must make reasonable accomodations, as long as they do not place undue hardship on the employer; If medical exams are given this must be given to all applicants. Drug tests are an excepton and not considered a medical test
Acculturation
refers to the extent to which a culturally diverse group accepts and adheres to values, attitudes, and behaviors of their own group and the dominant majority group.
Integration


Four categories of acculturation status (Berry et al. 1987)
A person maintains his or her own (minority) culture and also incorporates many aspects of the dominant culture
Assimilation

Four categories of acculturation status (Berry et al. 1987)
A person relinquishes his or her culture and accepts majority culture
Separation


Four categories of acculturation status (Berry et al. 1987)
A person withdraws from the dominant culture and accepts his or her own culture
Marginalization

Four categories of acculturation status (Berry et al. 1987)
A person does not identify with either his or her own culture or the majority culture
blended culture or separated
African Americans and Mexican Americans usually describes themselves as either:
High-context communication

culturally mediated communication patterns
grounded in the situation, depends on group understanding, and relies heavily on nonverbal cues. Helps to unify cultures and changes slowly
(culturally diverse groups)
Low-context communication

culturally mediated communication patterns
depends on the explicit, verbal part of the message. It can change quickly and easily and is less unifying form of communication (Euro-american culture)