Chapter 3 - Settling The Northern Colonies

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Separatists

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Small group of Puritans who sought to break away from the Church of England; after initially selling in Holland, a number if English Separatists made they're way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.

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Puritans

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English protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church memberships.

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Quakers

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Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on pace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Calvinism

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Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination which means that only "the elect" were destined for salvation.

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Predestination

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Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect".

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Conversion

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Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect" or the "visible saints". Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sacrificed lives to demonstrate their salvation.

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Mayflower compact

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(1620) Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower, created a foundation for self-government in the colony.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

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(Founded in 1630) Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies.

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Great Migration

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(1630-1642) Migration of 70,000 refugees from England to the North American colonies primarily in New England and the Caribbean. The 20,000 migrants who came to Massachusetts largely share a common sense of purpose- to establish a model Christian settlement in the New World.

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Antinomianism

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Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; Most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson.

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Fundamental Orders

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(1639) Drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government. Key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, it's state Constitution.

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Pequot War

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(1636-1638) Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River Valley. Ended in the slaughter of the pequots by the Puritans and Narragansett Indian allies.

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King Philip's War

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(1675-1676) Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.

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New England Confederation

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(1643) Weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and Connecticut led by the Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War.

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English Civil War

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(1642-1651) Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians resulting in the victory of pro parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.

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Dominion of New England

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(1686-1689) Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York and East and West Jersey. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, tax residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control.

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Navigation Laws

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Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and Colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.

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Glorious (or bloodless) Revolution

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(1688) Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutchboy William III and Mary, daughter of James II. William and Mary excepted increased parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchial authority.

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Salutary Neglect

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(1688-1763) Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian war in 1763.

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Patroonships

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Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in new Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing 50 settlers to the property.

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Blue Laws

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Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England in Quaker Pennsylvania.