Chapter 3 Science Test

Front 1

traits

Back 1

phyical characteratics that an organism can pass on to its offspring

Front 2

Heredity

Back 2

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

Front 3

genetics

Back 3

the study of Heredity

Front 4

purebred

Back 4

any organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent

Front 5

filial

Back 5

"son" in Latin. The generation of offspring

Front 6

gene

Back 6

segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a sepific trait

Front 7

allele

Back 7

a different form of a gene

Front 8

hybrid

Back 8

when an organism has two different alleles for the same trait

Front 9

dominamt allele

Back 9

an allele that always shows up in an organism when present

Front 10

recessive allele

Back 10

an allele that is masked or hidden when a dominant allele is present

Front 11

probability

Back 11

the likilehood of a particuler event occuring

Front 12

Punnett Square

Back 12

chart that shows all the possible alleles from a genetic cross

Front 13

Phenotype

Back 13

the physical make-up of an organism or its visible traits

Front 14

Genotype

Back 14

genetic make-up of an organism or its set of alleles

Front 15

homozygous

Back 15

when an organism has two identical alleles for the same trait
Example~TT,tt

Front 16

heterozygous

Back 16

when an organism has two different alleles for the same trait
Example~Tt

Front 17

codominance

Back 17

when alleles are neither dominant nor recessive

Front 18

incomplete dominance

Back 18

is a condition in which two different alleles of a gene, producing different phenptypes, produce a blended phenotype when inherited together

Front 19

Walter Sutton

Back 19

an American scientist who was studying grasshoppers and discovered that each of its reproducted cells had half the number of chromosomes as its body cells

Front 20

crossing over

Back 20

when corresponding segments of chromosomes exchange parts and produce allele combinations that are different from either parent

Front 21

gamete

Back 21

(reproduction cells), (eggs & sperm)

Front 22

Meiosis

Back 22

in Greek "to dimish", a process in which the chromosomes number is reduced by half to make reproduction cells(eggs & sperm)

Front 23

Mitosis

Back 23

a process where a cell divides into two daughter cells

Front 24

Gregor Mendel
who was he/what did he do/ what did he discover?

Back 24

"father of genetics". In the 1850s he researched peaplants. He was a young priest from central Europe
He discovered that traits inheriant to their parents and traits get passed on. One trait can be hidden in 1 generation & resurface in a later generation

Front 25

Nitrogen Bases

Back 25

makes up DNA

Front 26

genetic code

Back 26

genes that control teh production pf proteins based on the order of nitrogen bases

Front 27

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Back 27

states that genes are carried from parent to offspring on chromosomes

Front 28

ribosome

Back 28

a small grain-like structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made

Front 29

mutation

Back 29

any change in the DNA of a gene/chromosome

Front 30

substitution

Back 30

one nitrogen change for another

Front 31

deletion

Back 31

one nitrogen base is deleted

Front 32

insertion

Back 32

one nitrogen base is added

Front 33

Protein Synthesis

Back 33

the production of proteins that take place on the ribosomes of the cytoplasm

Front 34

Amino Acids

Back 34

building blocks of protein

Front 35

List nitrogen bases (pairs)

Back 35

Adenine(A)
with
Thymine(T)(if RNA Uracil(U))

Guanine(G)
with
Cytosine(C)

Front 36

RNA

Back 36

play a major role in the production of proteins

Front 37

tRNA

Back 37

transports amino acids from the ribosome to a growing protein
t=transfer

Front 38

mRNA

Back 38

copies a code from DNA and carries it to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
m=messenger

Front 39

codon

Back 39

a set of 3 nitrogen bases that codes for a sepific amino acids

Front 40

chromatin

Back 40

one of the identical rods of a chromosome

Front 41

P Generation

Back 41

parental generation

Front 42

F1 Generation

Back 42

first filial(offspring)

Front 43

F2 Generation

Back 43

second filial (offspring)

Front 44

chromosome

Back 44

a doubled rod of condenced chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic infomation

Front 45

how can mutation be harmful, helpful, or not make a difference in regards to an organism

Back 45

Harmful~if it reduces the organism's chance for survivial and reproduction. it depends on the organism's enviroment. some dieases are caused by mutations.
helpful~ inprove an organism's chance of survivial and reproduction.

Front 46

describe the role of chromosomes in inhetitance

Back 46

the role is that 12 sperm chromosomes joined with 12 egg chromosomes to carry genes to their pffspring