Chapter 3 Review

Front 1

Codominance

Back 1

Where neither chemically diff. Version dominates the other

Hint 1

(E.g.) blood type AB

Front 2

Codons

Back 2

The sequence of 3 nitrogen bases that are carried by the MRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis.d

Front 3

Diploid

Back 3

Somatic cells that have 46 chromosomes

Front 4

Haploid

Back 4

Gametes with 23 chromosomes

Front 5

Crossing over

Back 5

When homologous exchange parts when they pair up and intertwine

Front 6

Gametes

Back 6

Sexual reproductive cells, ova and sperm, that have a haploid # of chromosomes and that can unite w/ a gamete of the opposite type to form a new organism

Front 7

Genome

Back 7

All the genetic material in a person

Front 8

Haplotypes

Back 8

Units/blocks of genetic material; a group of alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit due to their closely space loci on single chromosomes.

Front 9

Heterozygous

Back 9

Chemically different alleles

Front 10

Homozygous

Back 10

Chemically identical alleles

Front 11

Meiosis

Back 11

The production of gamates through one DNA replication of 2 cells & nuclear divisions, creating four haploid game tic cells

Front 12

Mitosis

Back 12

Production of new gametes (meiosis) the process of cellular and nuclear division that creates 2 identical diploid daughter cells

Front 13

Zygote

Back 13

The cell that results from a superb fertilization of an ovum

Front 14

Homologous

Back 14

Matching pairs of chromosomes; usually in somatic cells

Hint 14

Chromosome type

Front 15

Karyotype

Back 15

Complete set of chromosomes (including ALL autosomes and one pair of 5 chromosomes

Hint 15

Chromosomes types

Front 16

Autosomes

Back 16

All chromosomes excluding the mom/ dad chromosomes

Hint 16

Chromosomes type

Front 17

Genes

Back 17

Structural & regulatory

Front 18

Structural gene

Back 18

Responsible for body structures like hair, blood & other tissues

Front 19

Regulatory genes

Back 19

Turn other genes on and off; an essential activity in growth and development

Front 20

Homeotic gene(hox)

Back 20

Regulatory genes that determine an organism’s form and the arrangement of its tissues and organs; considered mastered genes’

Front 21

Transcription

Back 21

1st step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of mRNA based on the DNA template usually takes place mostly, in the cells nucleus.

Front 22

Transaction

Back 22

2nd step of protein synthesis, involving transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain- takes place in the cytoplasm

Front 23

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 23

A single stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis, consisting of a phosphate, ribose sugar,& one of four nitrogen bases

Front 24

Messenger RNA

Back 24

The molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein that is, for the transcription phase of protein synthesis

Front 25

Ribosomes

Back 25

The organelles attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum leaded in the cytoplasm

Front 26

Ribosomes RNA( rRNA

Back 26

A fundamental structural component of a ribosome; make up some of the ribosomes

Front 27

Transfer RNA

Back 27

molecules that are responsible for trans pairing amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis, float in the cytoplasm

Front 28

Anticodons

Back 28

Sequences of three nitrogen bases that are carried by tRNA, they match up w/ the complementary mRNA codons, each designated a specific amino acids during protein synthesis

Front 29

Peptide bond

Back 29

A chemical bond that joins amino acids held by Muriel peptide bonds

Front 30

Coding DNA

Back 30

Sequences of a genes DNA (aka EXON) that are coded to produce a specific protein & are transcribed & translated during protein synthesis

Front 31

Noncoding DNA

Back 31

Sequences of a genes DNA (aka INTRONS) that are not coded to produce specific proteins and are existed before protein synthesis

Front 32

Polymorphism

Back 32

A genetic that (allele) that has 2 or more variants where the frequency is more than 1%

Hint 32

E.g human blood type (refer to the human blood cell

Front 33

Law of segregation

Back 33

Menedlu’s 1st law which asserts that 2 alleles for given gene (or gene ) are inherited, one form each parent during gamete production, only one of the 2 alleles w/ be present In each ovum/ sperm

Front 34

Microsatellites

Back 34

Refers to the sequences of repeated base pairs of DNA usually no more than 2 to 6. Of repeated excessively, they are often associated w/ neurological disorders, such as Huntington’s chorea.

Front 35

Polygenic

Back 35

Refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by 2 or more genes

Hint 35

Complexity of genetics

Front 36

Pleiotrophy

Back 36

A single gene can have multiple affects

Front 37

Epigenetic

Back 37

Refers to chemical changes in the genome affecting how the underlying DNA is used in the production of proteins, but without altering the DNA sequence

Front 38

Methylation

Back 38

The attachment of a methyl group, a simple chemical to DNA @ certain sites throughout the genome.

Front 39

Monosomy

Back 39

A loss in # of chromosomes

Front 40

Non- disjunction

Back 40

When chromosome pairs fail to separate during meiosis/ mitosis

Front 41

Recombination

Back 41

The exchange of genetic material b/w homologous chromosomes, resulting from a crossover event

Front 42

Translocations

Back 42

Rare instances in which non- homologous chromosomes exchange segments during meiosis

Hint 42

Most common one is chromosomes 13 & 14

Front 43

Patriline

Back 43

DNA whose inheritance can be traced from father to son via the Y chromosome

Front 44

Heteroplasmic

Back 44

If can Differ among diff parts of a person’s body/ even within the same kinds of cells

Front 45

Nucleotide

Back 45

Formed by sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base

Front 46

Matriline

Back 46

DNA such as mitochondrial DNA whose inheritance can be traced from mother to daughter/so

Hint 46

Is heteroplasmic

Can be traced back hundreds and thousands of yrs.

Front 47

mDNA

Back 47

Mitochondrial DNA containing 37 genes, is inherited JUST FROM THE MOTHER

Front 48

ATP

Back 48

Created by the mitochondria, a high energy molecule that powers cells and in turn, powers every tissue in the body

Front 49

Mitochondria

Back 49

Tiny organelles containing a small but significant amount of DNA

Hint 49

Powerhouse of DNA

These structures use oxygen to turn food molecules into ATP

Front 50

Nucleus

Back 50

A membrane bound structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material cytoplasm

Front 51

Somatic cells

Back 51

Body cells, compose most tissues such as bone, muscle, skin, & brain, lung, fat & hair

Hint 51

Inner bone cells we have the DNA

Front 52

Eukaryotes

Back 52

Multi celled organisms that have membrane bound nucleus; organisms w/ internal compartments separated by membranes

Hint 52

Evolved much later than prokaryotes. Appearing 1.5 billion yrs ago

Front 53

Prokaryotes

Back 53

Organisms having cells w/ no internal compartments

Hint 53

Most life on earth ( 3.5 billion years ago

Today they are single cell bacteria

Front 54

Replication

Back 54

The process of copying nucleus DNA prior to cell division, so that each new daughter cell receives a complete complement of DNA and production of new somatic cells