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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is the Bell-Magendie law an example of a multiple (as used by Boring)? |
2 scientists, working in different laboratories at about the same time and neither aware of the other's research arrive at similar results |
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What is the Bell-Magendie law? |
Posterior roots of the spinal cord controlled sensation, while anterior roots controlled motor responses |
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Enlightenment |
historical period from mid 18th century to late 19th, characterized by a belief that true knowledge could be found through the use of science and resin and that progress was inevitable and good |
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What did Magendie discover as a result of his experiments on puppies? |
The bell-magendie law |
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What is the doctrine of specific energies of the nerves? |
Doctorine proposed by Bell and Muller that different sensory nerves convey different qualities
pointed out that we perceive the would indirectly through the action of our nervous systems |
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Regarding perception, did Muller believe we were directly aware of the external world? |
we are not directly aware of the external world, rather we are only aware of the action of our nervous system, which conveys information of the world to us |
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Vitalism |
belief that a "life force" or vital force existed that went beyond the physical and chemical components of living organisms
opposed materialsm |
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Materialism |
position that the only reality is physical reality and that living matter |
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What were the implications of measuring the speed of neural impulses? |
more evidence that vitalism was wrong and materialism was right |
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What did Helmholtz consider the problem of perception? |
the dilemma posed by the fact that human perception is extraordinary, while the mechanisms (e.g. eye, ear) appear to have design flaws |
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How was the problem of perception solved? |
found in doctrine of the specific nerve energies |
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What is unconscious inference? |
a process outside of our awareness, by which our perceptions are influenced by past experience |
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Regarding the brain, what is localization of function? |
concerned the issue of whether specific parts of the brain have specific functions |
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What were the main principles associated with phrenology? |
distinct human "faculties" could be identified and located in precisely defined areas of the brain |
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What contributed to the failure of phrenology? |
weakness of the supporting evidence |
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contralateral function |
each side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body |
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doctrine of the skull |
because the skull corresponds roughly to the shape of the brain, the strengths of various faculties can be inferred from the shape of the skull |
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What is anecdotal evidence? |
research method in which evidence takes the form of an accumulation of examples supporting some principle or theory
heavy reliance on such evidence leads one to ignore counter instances that might disprove a hypothesis |
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What is the method of ablation? |
method of studying the brain, pioneered by Flourens
the function of some brain areas is assessed after that portion of the brain has been destroyed |
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What evidence did Flourens provide that rebutted phrenology? |
showing that specific areas of the brain that were alleged to serve function X actually served function Y |
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Did Flourens conclude that the brain was composed of distinct functions or that the brain functioned as a whole? |
concluded that the brain operated as a while and served the general functions of perception, intelligence and will |
