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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Active transport
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The active (energy-requiring) movement of a substance between different tissues via biomolecular pumping mechanisms contained within cell membranes.
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Diffusion
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The passive movement of a substance (e.g.,a drug) between different tissues from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
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Elderly
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Pertaining to a person who is 65 years of age or older.
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Nomogram
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A graphical tool for estimating drug dosages using various body measurements.
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Pediatric
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Pertaining to a person who is 12 years of age or younger.
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Polypharmacy
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The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems.
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Pregnancy Satety Category A
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Studies indicate no risk to human fetus.
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Pregnancy Satety Category
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Studies indicate no risk to animal fetus; information for humans is not available.
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Pregnancy Satety Category
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Adverse effects reported in animal fetus; information for humans is not available
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Pregnancy Satety Category
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Possible fetal risk in humans reported; however, consideration of potential benefit vs. risk may, in selected cases, warrant use of these drugs in pregnant women.
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Pregnancy Satety Category X
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Fetal abnormalities reported and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans available from animal and/or human studies. These drugs should not be used in pregnant women.
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Classification of Young Patients younger than 38 wk gestation
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Premature or preterm infant
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Classification of Young Patients younger than 1 month
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Neonate or newborn infant
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Classification of Young Patients 1 mo to younger than 1 yr
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Infant
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Classification of Young Patients 1 yr to younger than 12 yr
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child
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What are phrmacokinetic changes in the neonate and pediatric patient in reference to absorption ?
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* gastric pH is less acidic because acid-producing cells in the stomach are immature until approximately 1 to 2 years of age* Gastric emptying is slowed because of slow or irregular peristalsis*First-pass elimination by the liver is reduced because of the immaturity of the liver and reduced levels of microsomal enzymes* Intramuscular absorption is faster and irregular
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What are phrmacokinetic changes in the neonate and pediatric patient in reference to Distribution?
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* Total body water is 70-80% in full-term infants, 85% in premature newborns, and 64% in children 1-12 yr* fat content is lower in young patients because of greater total body water* Protein binding is decreased because of decreased production of protein by the immature liver*more drugs enter the brain because of an immature blood-brain barrier
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What are phrmacokinetic changes in the neonate and pediatric patient in reference to Metabolism?
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*levels of microsomal enzymes are decreased because the imature liver has not yet started producing enough.*older children may have increased metabolism and require higher dosages once hepatice enzymes are prodced.* many variables affect metabolism in premature infants, infants,and children, including the status of liver enzyme production, genetic differences, and what the mother has been exposed to during pregnancy.
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