Chapter 3 Essentials Of Paramedic Care Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Female external genitalia is also known as

Back 1

Vulva or Pudendum

Front 2

What is the basic structural unit of all plants and animals?

Back 2

Cell

Front 3

Female external genitalia include:
(4)

Back 3

1. Perineum
2. Mons Pubis
3. Labia
4. Clitoris

Front 4

The outer covering of a cell, also called the plasma membrane

Back 4

Cell membrane

Front 5

Muscular tissue that separates the vagina and the anus

Back 5

Perineum

Front 6

What are ions with a positive charge called?

Back 6

Cations

Front 7

Fatty layer of tissue over the pubic symphysis to serve as cushion during intercourse and covered in pubic hair.

Back 7

Mons Pubis

Front 8

The stimulation of mycardial cells, as evidenced by a change in the membrane electrical charge, that subsequently spreads across the myocardium

Back 8

Action Potential

Front 9

1. Structures that protect the vagina and urethra.
2. Outer folds are known as:
3. Inner folds are known as:

Back 9

1. Labia
2. Labia Majora
3. Labia minora

Front 10

What are ions with a negative charge called?

Back 10

Anions

Front 11

Highly innervated and vascular erectile tissue. Cylindrical in shape and major site for sexual stimulation and orgasm in women.

Back 11

Clitoris

Front 12

Movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient that is, from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration, opposite to the normal direction of diffusion; requires the use of energy

Back 12

Active Transport

Front 13

Internal female reproductive organs:
(4)

Back 13

1. Vagina
2. Uterus
3. Fallopian Tubes
4. Ovaries

Front 14

When solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane are equal in concentration, they are said to be:

Back 14

Isotonic

Front 15

Canal that connects the external female genitalia to the uterus.

Back 15

Vagina

Front 16

Diffusion of a substance through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a "helper", or carrier protein is called:

Back 16

Facilitated diffusion

Front 17

3 Functions of the Vagina

Back 17

1. Organ of copulation and receives penis for intercourse.
2. Final passage way for infant during childbirth.
3. Outlet for menstrual blood.

Front 18

The pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of the semipermeable membrane.

Back 18

Osmotic pressure

Front 19

Hollow organ in center of abdomen that provides the site for fetal development.

Back 19

Uterus

Front 20

Define erythropoiesis

Back 20

Process of RBC production

Front 21

3 Parts of the Uterus

Back 21

1. Corpus or Body (upper 2/3)
2. Cervix or Neck (lower 1/3)
3. Fundus (pt where fallopian tubes attach)

Front 22

The resistance a contraction of the heart must overcome in order to eject blood; in cardiac physiology, defined as the tension of cardiac muscle during systole (contraction)

Back 22

Afterload

Front 23

Inner layer of uterine wall where the fertilized egg implants

Back 23

Endometrium

Front 24

Define hemolysis

Back 24

Destruction of RBC's

Front 25

What is the Menes?

Back 25

Menstrual period

Front 26

The trapping of RBC's by an organ such as the spleen is known as:

Back 26

sequestration

Front 27

Thick middle layer of uterine wall made up of smooth muscle.

Back 27

Myometrium

Front 28

____________ is the packed cell volume of RBC's per unit of blood.

Back 28

Hematocrit

Front 29

Forms the outermost layer of the uterine wall.

Back 29

Perimetrium

Front 30

WBC's are called:

Back 30

leukocytes

Front 31

2 tubes that extend laterally form the uterus and conduct eggs from the ovaries into the uterine cavity.

Back 31

Fallopian Tubes

Front 32

_______________ is the movement of WBC's in response to chemical signals.

Back 32

Chemotaxis

Front 33

Female sex glands that secrete estrogen and progesterone and produce eggs for reproduction.

Back 33

Ovaries

Front 34

Microscopic air sacs where most oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange take place

Back 34

Alveoli

Front 35

Two hormones secreted by ovaries.

Back 35

Estrogen and Progesterone

Front 36

______________ is the process by which WBC's engulf and destroy an invader.

Back 36

Phagocytosis

Front 37

Onset of menses, usually occurring between ages 10 and 14.

Back 37

Menarche

Front 38

Joint that permits a limited amount of independent motion

Back 38

Amphiarthrosis

Front 39

Release of egg during the menstrual cycle.

Back 39

Ovulation

Front 40

Protein on the surface of a donor's red blood cell that the patient's body recognizes as "self" or "not self"

Back 40

Antigen

Front 41

What phase does ovulation occur?

Back 41

The Proliferative Phase

Front 42

Extension of a neuron that serves as a pathway for transmission of signals to and from the brain; major component of white matter

Back 42

Axon

Front 43

4 phases of menstrual cycle.

Back 43

1. Prolifeative Phase
2. Secretory Phase
3. Ischemic Phase
4. Menstrual Phase

Front 44

Sensory nerve ending, found in the walls of the atria of the heart, vena cava, aortic arch and carotid sinus, that is stimulated by changes in pressure

Back 44

Baroreceptor

Front 45

First two weeks of menstrual cycle in which estrogen is increased and ovulation occurs.

Back 45

Proliferative Phase

Front 46

Phenomen in which a decrease in pCO2/acidity causes an increase in the quantity of oxygen that binds with the hemoglobin and, conversely, an increase in pCO2/acidity causes the hemoglobin to give up a greater quantity of oxygen

Back 46

Bohr Effect

Front 47

Phase of menstrual cycle in which if the egg is not fertilized then estrogen drops and progesterone increases.

Back 47

Secretory (2nd phase)

Front 48

A reversal of charges at a cell membrane so that the inside of the cell becomes positive in relation to the outside; the opposite of the cell's resting state in which the inside of the cell is negative in relation to the outside

Back 48

Cardiac Depolarization

Front 49

Phase in menstrual cycle in which all hormone levels drop.

Back 49

Ischemic Phase (3rd phase)

Front 50

Pertaining to heart rate

Back 50

Chronotropy

Front 51

Phase in menstrual cycle in which ischemic endometrium is shed along with blood for 3-5 days.

Back 51

Menstrual Phase (4th and final phase)
AKA menstruation or period.

Front 52

The movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

Back 52

Diffusion

Front 53

S/S associated with changing hormonal levels that precede menstruation.

Back 53

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Front 54

Ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining at the end of systole

Back 54

Ejection Fraction

Front 55

Cessation of menes and ovarian function resulting from decreased secretion of estrogen that usually occurs in women between 45-55 years of age.

Back 55

Menopause

Front 56

Lip-like opening between the vocal cords

Back 56

Glottis

Front 57

Male reproductive system is considered to be part of ?

Back 57

Urinary System

Front 58

Conversion of protein and fat to from glucose

Back 58

Gluconeogenesis

Front 59

5 parts of the male reproductive system.

Back 59

1. Testes
2. Epididymis
3. Vas Deferens
4. Prostate Gland
5. Penis

Front 60

An iron-based compound found in red blood cells that binds with oxygen and transports it to body cells

Back 60

Hemoglobin

Front 61

Primary male reproductive organ that produces sperm.

Back 61

Testes

Front 62

Mechanism that increases respiratory stimulation when PaO2 falls and inhibits respiratory stimulation when PaO2 climbs

Back 62

Hypoxic Drive

Front 63

Small sac in which sperm are stored.

Back 63

Epididymis

Front 64

Pertaining to cardiac contractile force

Back 64

Inotropy

Front 65

Duct that carries sperm to urethra for ejaculation.

Back 65

Vas Deferens

Front 66

The fluid inside the body cells

Back 66

Intracellular Fluid

Front 67

Gland that surrounds male bladder and combines fluid with sperm to make semen.

Back 67

Prostate Gland

Front 68

The fluid within the circulatory system; blood plasma

Back 68

Intravascular Fluid

Front 69

Male organ for copulation.

Back 69

Penis

Front 70

Secondary circulatory system the collects overflow fluid from the tissue spaces and filters it before returning it to the circulatory system

Back 70

Lymphatic System

Front 71

Part of the back that is below the ribs and above the hip bones.

Back 71

Flanks

Front 72

Lower portion of the brainstem, connecting the pons and the spinal cord. It contains major centers for control of respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor activity

Back 72

Medulla Oblongata

Front 73

The most fragile abdominal organ that stores a large volume of blood.

Back 73

Spleen

Front 74

Structures that perform specific functions within a cell

Back 74

Organelles

Front 75

4 major structures of the Urinary System

Back 75

1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Urinary Bladder
4. Urethra

Front 76

The concentration of solute per kilogram of water

Back 76

Osmolality

Front 77

Organ that produces urine.

Back 77

Kidneys

Front 78

The concentration of solute per liter of water

Back 78

Osmolarity

Front 79

Microscopic structure within Kidneys that produce urine.

Back 79

Nephron

Front 80

The passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane; movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Back 80

Osmosis

Front 81

Notched part of kidney where ureter and other structures join kidney tissue.

Back 81

Hilum

Front 82

Lower protion of the brainstem, connecting the pons and the spinal cord. It contains major centers for control of respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor activity

Back 82

Medulla Oblongata

Front 83

Structures that perform specific functions within a cell

Back 83

Organelles

Front 84

The concentration of solute per kilogram of water

Back 84

Osmolality

Front 85

The concentration of solute per liter of water

Back 85

Osmolarity

Front 86

The passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane; movement of a solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Back 86

Osmosis

Front 87

A law of physiology stating the blood flow through a vessel is directly proportional to the radius of the vessel to the fourth power

Back 87

Poiseuille's Law

Front 88

The movement of a substance from nephron tubule back into the blood

Back 88

Reabsorption

Front 89

An enzyme produced byt he kidney cells that plays a key role in controlling arterial blood pessure

Back 89

Renin

Front 90

Pressure applied in a posterior direction to the anterior cricoid cartilage, occludes the esophagus

Back 90

Sellick's Maneuver

Front 91

Clot formation in coronary arteries or cerebral vasulature

Back 91

Thrombosis

Front 92

Average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle

Back 92

Tidal Volume

Front 93

Bony outgrowth of the vertebral pedicle that serves as a site for muscle attachement and articulation with the ribs

Back 93

Transverse Process

Front 94

Union between ziphoid process and the body of the sternum

Back 94

Xiphisternal Joint

Front 95

What are the 3 elements of the cell?

Back 95

1- Cell Membrane
2- Cytoplasm
3- Organelles

Front 96

Able to allow some but not all substance to pass through

Back 96

Semipermeable

Front 97

The thick fluid that fills a cell, and gives shape to the cell also known as protoplasm

Back 97

Cytoplasm

Front 98

Structures that perform specific functions w/in a cell

Back 98

Organelles

Front 99

high energy compound present in all cells, especially muscle cells; when split by enzyme it yields energy

Back 99

Adenoside Triphosphate
(ATP)

Front 100

Name the 7 different functions of cells

Back 100

1- movement
2-Conductivity
3-Metabolic Absorption
4- Secretion
5- excretion
6- Respiration
7- Reproduction

Front 101

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

Back 101

1- Epithelial
2- Muscle tissue
3- Connective Tissue
4- Nerve Tissue

Front 102

What is Epithelial Tissue

Back 102

It lines internal and external body surface and protects the body
Examples: skin, mucous membranes, and lining of intestinal tract

Front 103

What are Muscle Tissue and what are the 3 examples of muscle tissues

Back 103

Has the ability to contract when stimulated
3 types:
Cardiac- heart muscle
Smooth- intestines, usually under control of involuntary system
Skeletal- allows movement and usually under voluntary control

Front 104

What is Connective Tissue

Back 104

most abundant tissue in body, provides support and connection and insulation
Ex: bone, cartilage, fat, and BLOOD

Front 105

What is nerve tissue

Back 105

Tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body

Front 106

A group of tissues functioning together is?

Back 106

Organ

Front 107

A group of Organs that work together is ?

Back 107

Organ System

Front 108

Name the 10 Organ systems

Back 108

1-Cardiovascular
2-Respiratory
3-Gastrointestinal
4-Genitourinary
5-Reproductive
6-Nervous
7-Endocrine
8-Lymphatic
9-Muscular
10-Skeletal

Front 109

The sum of all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems is called?

Back 109

Organism

Front 110

THe natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment

Back 110

Homeostasis

Front 111

The functions of an organism; the physical and chemical processes of a living thing

Back 111

Physiology

Front 112

The building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) of biochemical substances to produce energy

Back 112

Metabolism

Front 113

Chemoreceptors respond to what?

Back 113

Chemical stimuli

Front 114

Baroreceptors respond to what?

Back 114

Pressure changes

Front 115

body mechanisms that work to reverse, or compensate for, a pathophysiological process ( or to reverve any physiological process, weather pathological or nonpathologicial)

Back 115

negative feedback loop

Front 116

the total amount of water in the body at any given time.

Back 116

total body water (TBW)

Front 117

the fluid inside the body cell

Back 117

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Front 118

the fluid outside the body cells.

Back 118

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Front 119

What is the most abundant subtance in the human body.

Back 119

Water

Front 120

What is a universal solvent?

Back 120

Water

Front 121

What is the fluid in body tissue that is outside that is outside the cell and outside the vascular system?

Back 121

Interstitial fluid

Front 122

Define solvent?

Back 122

a substance that dissolves other substances, forming a solution.

Front 123

What is an abnormal decrease in the total body water?

Back 123

Dehydration

Front 124

Clinically the dehydrated patient will exhibit?

Back 124

Dry mocous membranes, and poor skin turgor.

Front 125

Define turgor?

Back 125

normal tension in a cell; the resistance of the skin to deformation.

Front 126

What is the presence of retention of an abnormally high amounts of body fluid?

Back 126

Overhydrations

Front 127

What four elements make up over 99 percent of the bodys atoms?

Back 127

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

Front 128

Define electrolyte?

Back 128

substance that,in water, separates into eletrically charged particles.

Front 129

What are charged particles refered as?

Back 129

ions

Front 130

Ions with a positive chargeare called?

Back 130

Cations

Front 131

Ions with a negative charge are called?

Back 131

Anions

Front 132

What is an example of eletrolyte?

Back 132

Sodium bicarbonate

Front 133

What is the most prevalent cation in the extracelluar fluid?

Back 133

Sodium

Front 134

Define buffer?

Back 134

A substance thr tend to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions.

Front 135

When solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane are equal in concentration, the relationship in said the be?

Back 135

Isotonic

Front 136

Define isotonic?

Back 136

equal in concentration of solute molecules; solutions may be isotonic to each other.

Front 137

Define hypertonic?

Back 137

having a greater concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be hypertonic to another.

Front 138

Having a lesser concentration of solute molecules

Back 138

Hypotonic

Front 139

The differance in concentration is known as?

Back 139

Osmotic gradient

Front 140

What's the difference between:
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Exracellular fluid (ECF)
Intravascular fluid
Interstitial fluid

Back 140

(ICF)-fluid w/in the cells
(ECF)- fluid outside the cells and makes up intravaccular and interstitial fluids
Intravascular- fluids w/in circulatory system
Interstitial- fluids outside cells and circulatory system

Front 141

Name 4 of the most frequently occuring CATIONS (+ charged ion)

Back 141

Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Calcium (Ca++)
Magnesium (Mg++)

Front 142

Name 3 of the most fruquelntly occuring ANIONS (- charged ion)

Back 142

Chloride (Cl-)
Bicarbonate (HCO-3)
Phosphate (HPO-4)

Front 143

What is diffusion?

Back 143

The movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

Front 144

How much energy does DIFFUSION require?

Back 144

Zero

Front 145

What is the normal pH range?

Back 145

7.35-7.45

Front 146

A low pH means that you have a high concentration of ____, Which is reffered to as?

Back 146

hydrogen ions which is reffered to as acidosis

Front 147

A high pH means that you have a ____ concentration of hydrogen ions, which is reffered to as

Back 147

LOW which is reffered to as alkalosis

Front 148

Name the 3 major ways to remove hydrogen ions from the body

Back 148

1- Bicarbonate Buffer system
2- ventilations
3- kidney function

Front 149

Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) is a mixture of what

Back 149

water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Front 150

What is the outermost layer of the skin

Back 150

Epidermis

Front 151

What acts as a lubricant to the epidermis and keeps it strong, flexible, and waterproof?

Back 151

Sebum

Front 152

The middle layer of the skin, and located underneath the epidermis is?

Back 152

Dermis

Front 153

What's is the difference between the Sebaceous and Sudoriferous glands?

Back 153

Sebaceous secrete sebum
Sudoriferous secrete sweat

Front 154

What is the 3rd layer of skin that is located beneath the dermis?

Back 154

Subcutaneous tissue

Front 155

Vellus and terminal are 2 types of ?

Back 155

Hair
Vellus- short, lacking pigment (aka as peach fuzz)
Terminal- coarse, thick, pigmented

Front 156

What is the hematopoietic system do

Back 156

The body system having to do with the production and development of blood cells

Front 157

Name the 5 components of the Hematopoietic System

Back 157

1- Bone Marrow
2- Liver
3- Spleen
4-Kidneys
5-Blood

Front 158

What is the hormone responsible for producing red blood cell production and where does it come from?

Back 158

Erythropoietin and it comes from mostly the kidney and a little from the liver

Front 159

Blood volume is what % of Total Body Weight?

Back 159

6%

Front 160

What are the 4 components of blood?

Back 160

1-plasma
2- red blood cells
3- white blood cells
4- platelets

Front 161

What is an erythrocyte?

Back 161

Red blood cell (RBC)

Front 162

Hemoglobin molecules transport what?

Back 162

Oxygen

Front 163

Oxygen-bearing molecules in the RBC's are known as

Back 163

Hemoglobin

Front 164

Define erythropoiesis

Back 164

the production of red blood cells

Front 165

Define hemolysis

Back 165

Destruction of red blood celss

Front 166

The trapping of red blood cells by an organ, such as the spleen, to reduce the life span of RBC's is known as what

Back 166

Sequestration

Front 167

The packed cell volume of red blood cells per unit of blood is called

Back 167

Hematocrit

Front 168

What is a leukocyte?

Back 168

White blood cell (WBC)

Front 169

The movement of WBC's in response to chemical signals

Back 169

Chemotaxis

Front 170

The process of which WBC's engulf and destroy an invader

Back 170

Phagocytosis

Front 171

What are the 3 categories of WBC's, one of which has 3 different classifications?

Back 171

1-Granulocytes
2-Monocytes
3-Lymphocytes

Front 172

What are the 3 different classifications of granulocytes?

Back 172

1-Basophils
2-Eosinophils
3-Neutrophils

Front 173

WBC charged with the primary purpose of neutralizing foreign bacteria

Back 173

Granulocytes

Front 174

The "garbage collectors" of the immune system, engulf foreign invaders and dead neutrophils, and stimulate production of granulocytes and RBC's

Back 174

Monocytes

Front 175

The primary cells involved in the body's immune system, consisting of T-cells and B-cells

Back 175

Lymphocytes

Front 176

What are the primary functions of:
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

Back 176

Basophils- deal w/ allergic reactions by releasing histamines
Eosinophils- deal w/ acute allergic reactions and contain major basic protein (MBP) to fight parasitic infections
Neutrophils- fight infections

Front 177

Condition in which the body makes antibodies against its own tissue

Back 177

Autoimmune disease

Front 178

Small fragments of large cells, megakaryocytes, also called thrombocytes

Back 178

Platelets

Front 179

What is the normal life span of platelets and how are they removed from the body?

Back 179

7-10 days and removed from the circulation of the spleen.

Front 180

The combined mechanisms that work to prevent or control blood loss

Back 180

Hemostasis

Front 181

What are the 3 mechanisms that provide hemostasis

Back 181

1-Vascular spasms
2- Platelet Plugs
3- Stable blood clots (coagulation)

Front 182

The process through which plasmin dismantles a blood clot

Back 182

Fibrinolysis

Front 183

What vitamin enhances clotting

Back 183

Vitamin K aka AquaMEPHYTON

Front 184

What are the 2 distinct subsystems of the Musculoskeletal system

Back 184

1- the skeleton
2- the muscles

Front 185

Name the 5 important purposes of the skeletal structure

Back 185

1- gives the body its form
2- protects the vital organs
3-allows for efficient movement
4-stores salts and other materials for metabolism
5- produces red blood cells

Front 186

What % of total bone mass is replaced each year by the remodeling process

Back 186

20%

Front 187

What is the central portion or shaft of the long bone called

Back 187

Diaphysis

Front 188

What type of a bone is having a latticework structure, as in the spongy tissue of a bone

Back 188

Cancellous bone

Front 189

Name the 6 major areas and tissues of the long bones?

Back 189

1-Diaphysis
2- Epiphysis
3-Metaphysis
4-Medullary Canal
5- Periosteum
6- Articular Cartilage

Front 190

What is the Epiphysis?

Back 190

The end of the long bone,

Front 191

The surface of a bone that moves against another bone is called the?

Back 191

Articular surface

Front 192

The growth zone of a bone located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis bones

Back 192

Metaphysis

Front 193

The cavity/chamber w/in the bone that conains the marrow

Back 193

Medullary Canal

Front 194

What is the difference of yellow bone marrow and red bone marrow?

Back 194

Yellow stores the fat that is readily available for energy source and Red is responsible for manufacture of blood cells

Front 195

The tough exterior coating of the bone is called

Back 195

Periosteum

Front 196

Connective tissues providing the articular surfaces of the skeletal system

Back 196

Cartilage

Front 197

Name the 3 basic types of joints and the type of movement they permit

Back 197

1- Synarthroses- immovable
2- Amphiarthroses- very limited
3- Diathroses- relatively free movement, divided into 3 categories

Front 198

Expalin the 3 categories of Diarthroses joints

Back 198

1- Monaxial, hinge joints that provide bending in a single plane
2- Biaxial, gliding joints that provide movement in 2 directions
3- Triaxial, ball and socket joints that permit full motion of about 180 degrees

Front 199

What is the difference between Flexion and Extension

Back 199

Flexion is the bending motion that reduces the angle between the elements where Extension increases the angle

Front 200

What is the between Adduction and Abduction?

Back 200

Adduction is movement of the body part toward the midline, and Abduction is away from the midline

Front 201

Pivot and Hinge joints are types of _____ joints

Back 201

Monaxial Joints

Front 202

Condyloid/gliding, ellipsoidal, and saddle joints are types of ____ joints

Back 202

Biaxial Joints

Front 203

Ball and Socket joints are a type of ____ Joint

Back 203

Triaxial Joints

Front 204

Bands of connective tissue that hold bones together at joints are called ____

Back 204

Ligaments

Front 205

Ligaments that surrond the joint form ______, also known as synovial capsule

Back 205

Joint capsule

Front 206

Sacs of synovial fluid that reduce friction and absorbs shock

Back 206

Bursae

Front 207

Approx. how many bones make up the human skeleton

Back 207

206

Front 208

What are the 2 major divisions of the skeletal organization

Back 208

Axial- Bones of the head, thorax, and spine
Appendicular- Bones of the extremities, shoulder girdle, and pelvis

Front 209

Which bone of the arm is located on the thumb side?

Back 209

Radius

Front 210

Which bone of the leg is located on the big toe side?

Back 210

Tibia

Front 211

What is the major flexor muscle of the elbow?

Back 211

Bicep

Front 212

What is the major extensor muscle of the elbow?

Back 212

Tricep

Front 213

The foot consists of ___ tarsal bones, ___ metatarsal bones. and ___ phalanges.

Back 213

7
5
14

Front 214

How many bursa in the hip play an important role in pain free movement

Back 214

3

Front 215

At what age do bones usually complete maturation, and what age do bones begin to lose ability to maintain structure

Back 215

18-20
40

Front 216

More than ____ muscle groups make up the Muscular System

Back 216

600

Front 217

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue w/in the body

Back 217

Cardiac- muscles of the heart
Smooth- involuntary muscle
Skeletal- voluntary muscle

Front 218

Out of the 3 types of muscle tissue, which one is the largest component of the Muscular System

Back 218

Skeletal- comprising about 40%-50% of total body weight

Front 219

At a minimum skeletal muscles attach to ____ locations of a bone, and what are they called?

Back 219

2
1- Origin; point where the muscle is stationary or the least amt of movement
2- Insertion; point that moves when contracts

Front 220

Specialized bands of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone

Back 220

Tendons

Front 221

Muscles are found in a condition of slight contraction called _____.

Back 221

Tone

Front 222

The head is made up of 3 structures that cover the brain. Name them

Back 222

Scalp
Cranium
Meninges

Front 223

This is extremely vascular and is attached loosely to the skull. It is made up of overlying skin and a # of thin layers of muscle and connective tissue

Back 223

Scalp

Front 224

To remember the layers of skin protecting the scalp what does the mnemonic SCALP stand for

Back 224

S- skin
C- connective tissue
A- aponeurotica
L- layer of subaponeuritica
tissue
P- periosteum of the skull

Front 225

Vaultlike portion of the skull encasing the brain

Back 225

Cranium

Front 226

Several bones fused together at pseudojoints to form the cranium

Back 226

Sutures

Front 227

The largest opening of the skull located at the base where it meets the spinal column is

Back 227

Foramen Magnum

Front 228

Name the 3 membranes/meninges that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

Back 228

Dura mater- outermost layer, "tough mother"
Pia Mater- inner most layer
Arachnoid Layer- middle layer

Front 229

Clear colorless fluid that surrounds and bathes the brain and spinal cord

Back 229

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Front 230

The brain occupies ___% of the interior cranium

Back 230

80%

Front 231

Name the 3 major structures of the brain that is essential to human function

Back 231

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem

Front 232

The ____ is the largest part of the brain and the center of conscious thought, personality, speech, motor control, and of visual, auditory, and tactile perception

Back 232

Cerebrum

Front 233

True or False
The left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum controls the activities of the opposite side of the body for the most part

Back 233

TRUE

Front 234

Located directly under the tentorium, "fine tunes" motor control, responsible for balance and muscle tone

Back 234

Cerebellum

Front 235

The part of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres w/ the spinal cord

Back 235

The brainstem

Front 236

Name the 3 parts w/in the brainstem

Back 236

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

Front 237

The midbrain is the upper portion of the brainstem and consists of what 2 major parts

Back 237

Hypothalamus
Thalamus

Front 238

Part of the midbrain that controls the much of the endocrine funtion, vomiting reflex, hunger, thirst, kidney funtion, body temp, and emotions

Back 238

Hypothalamus

Front 239

Part of the midbrain that controls the reticular activating system (RAS), the system that establishes consciousness

Back 239

Thalamus

Front 240

Located above the medulla oblongata and responsible for sleep component

Back 240

Pons

Front 241

What 3 centers does the Medulla Oblongata control

Back 241

Cardiac center- rate and strength of cardiac contractions
Respiratory center- depth, rate, rhythm
Vasomotor center- maintains blood pressure

Front 242

The brain accounts for ____ % of TBW, it receives ___% of cardiac output, and consumes __% of body's oxygen

Back 242

2
15
20

Front 243

The pressure w/in the cranium is usually less than ___mmHg

Back 243

<10mmHg

Front 244

The pressure moving blood through the brain is called

Back 244

Central Perfusion Pressure
(CPP)

Front 245

What are nares?

Back 245

The opening of the nostrils

Front 246

What is considered the first of the digestive juices and where are they produced?

Back 246

Saliva and they are produced by the salivary glands

Front 247

The outer visible part of the ear is called

Back 247

Pinna

Front 248

What are the 2 very useful functions that the ear provides?

Back 248

Hearing and positional sense

Front 249

These are 3 hollow, fluid filled rings that sense the motion of the head and then signal the brain to help maintain balance, damage to these can cause vertigo

Back 249

Semicircular Canals

Front 250

The eye socket is also known as the ____

Back 250

Orbit

Front 251

Vitreous humor is responsible for giving the eye its ____

Back 251

Spherical Shape

Front 252

What is the thin, delicate layer covering the pupil and the iris

Back 252

Cornea

Front 253

What liquid lubricates the eye?

Back 253

Lacrimal fluid