Chapter 3 Biology Vocab

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Cell theory

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All organisms are made of cells, all existing cells are produced by other living cells, and the cell is the most basic unit of life

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cytoplasm

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a jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks-- such as proteins, nucleic, minerals, and ions

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organelles

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are structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell

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Prokaryotic cells

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do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Instead, the cell's DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm. Most prokaryotes are microscopic single-celled organisms

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Eukaryotic cells

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have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. The nucleus, the largest organelle, encloses the genetic information. Eukaryotes may be multicellular or single celled organisms

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Cytoskeleton

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Which is a network of proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell. It is made of small protein subunits that form long threads, or fibers, that crisscross the entire cell, as shown in figure 2.1.

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Nucleus

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The Nucleusis the storehouse for most of the genetic information, or DNA (deoxyribonucleri acid), in your cells.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum or the ER, is an interconnected network of thin folded membranes.

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Ribosomes

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Tiny Organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins.

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Golgi Apparatus

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Golgi apparatus consists of closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sorts, and deliver proteins.

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Vesicles

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Vesicles shown in FIGURE 2.6 are a general name used to describe small membrane-bound sacs that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell.

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mitochondria

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supply energy to the cell

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Vacuole

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a fluid-filled sac used for the storage of materials needed by a cell

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lysosomes

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membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes

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Centrioles

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Are cylinders-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle.

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Cell Wall

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Which is a rigid layer what gives protection, support, and shape to the cell.

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Chloroplasts

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are organelles that carry out photosynthesis, a series of complex chemical reactions that convert solor energy into energy rich molecules the cell can use.

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Cell Membrane

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The cell membrane, or the plasma membrane, forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell.

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Phospholipid

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is a molecule composed of three basic parts.

1) a charged phosphate group

2) glycerol

3) two fatty acid chains.

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fluid mosaic model

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describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

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selective permeability

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means it allows some, but not all, materials to cross

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passive transport

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the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input from the cell

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diffusion

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the movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration

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concentration gradient

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the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

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osmosis

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Water molecules move across semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to area of lower water concentration

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isotonic

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A solution is isotonic to a cell if it has the same concentration of dissolve particles as the cell.

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hypertonic

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hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell

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hypotonic

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hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell

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facilitated diffusion

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the diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins

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active transport

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AT drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration

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Endocytosis

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Is the process of taking liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane.

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Phagocytosis

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Is a type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles.

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Exocytosis

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The opposite of endocytosis, is the release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.