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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Attention
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The process that, at any given moment, inhibits or enhances some information
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Failures of Selection in Space
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Occurs when there is lots of information in front of you at once , and you are not capable of noticing it all at once
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Failures of Selection in time
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Occurs when new information arrives in a rapid stream and spending time processing some of it causes you to miss some other information
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Change Blindness
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Failure to detect changes in the physical changes of a scene
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Change deafness
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Failure to detect changes between voices in an auditory scene
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Focused Attention
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concentration on one source of input to the exclusion of others
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Divided attention
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More than one source is attended, the information selected is imperfect
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Attentional Blink
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A short period during which incoming information is not registereed (similar to blinking eye)
-finds something important, highlights it, and uses all its cognintive resources for the next 3/10ths of a second |
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Repetition Blindness
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Failure to detect the later appearance of a stimulus when the stimuli are presented in rapid sequence
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Bottleneck
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a restriction on the amount of information that can be processed at once, leads to certain cognitive processes being carried out sequentially
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Attention
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The process that, at any given moment, inhibits or enhances some information
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Failures of Selection in Space
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Occurs when there is lots of information in front of you at once , and you are not capable of noticing it all at once
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Failures of Selection in time
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Occurs when new information arrives in a rapid stream and spending time processing some of it causes you to miss some other information
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Change Blindness
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Failure to detect changes in the physical changes of a scene
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Change deafness
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Failure to detect changes between voices in an auditory scene
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Focused Attention
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concentration on one source of input to the exclusion of others
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Divided attention
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More than one source is attended, the information selected is imperfect
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Attentional Blink
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A short period during which incoming information is not registereed (similar to blinking eye)
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Repetition Blindness
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Failure to detect the later appearance of a stimulus when the stimuli are presented in rapid sequence
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Bottleneck
-limitations |
a restriction on the amount of information that can be processed at once, leads to certain cognitive processes being carried out sequentially
-this process isn't one way :o |
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Endogenous Attention
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Attention with a voluntary aspect, top down, originates from within
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Exogenous attention
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Generated in a bottom up fashion by stimuli outside of you
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Covert Attention
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though eyes are directed at a certain spot, visual attention can be directed elsewhere covertly
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Dual-task interference
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Performance is hampered when you have to attend to two different sources of visual info, or two different visual events, or when you're trying to perform two tasks at once
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Response bottleneck
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The interference, in the form of a slowing down of your actions, that arises when you try to select between two possible responses to even a sole sensory stimuli (angry caller)
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Automatic processing
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Used for very farmliar or easy tasks
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Controlled processing
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used for difficult or new processing
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Hemispatial Neglect
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a deficit in attention in which one half of the visual field is ignored, usually result of a stroke in right hemisphere so left visual field is neglected
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Priming
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Occurs when a stimulus or task facilitates the processing of a subsequent stimulus or task
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stimultanagnosia
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Inability to recognize two things at the same time
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Dichotic Listening
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Used in experiements, playing two different streams of stimuli in each ear
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Cocktail Party Effect
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Phenomenon where unattettened by high priority info can still be detected
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Disjunctive search
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Requires participants to search displays in which target differs from rest if symbols by a single feature, relatively fast to do
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Distractor
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Nonrelevant stimulus that is supposed to be ignored
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Conjunctive Search Trials
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target is defined by a conjunction of differences, takes relatively long time to accomplish
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Feature intigration theory
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The perceptual system is divided into seperate maps, each which registers the presence of a different visual feature:color, edges, shape
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Illusionary conjunctions
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incorrect combinations of features, explained by FIT
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Guided Search
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Theory that asserts output from the first stage of information processing guides later serial search mechanisms, items that cannot possibly be the target are eliminated in parallel in the feature maps
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theory of biased ccompetition
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Attention is seen in the form of competition between different inputs that can take place between different representations at all levels of processing, input recieving the greatest proportion of resources is the one that is the most completely analyzed
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"Failures of selection" is just a fancy way of saying
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"Sometimes we don't notice stuff"
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System of Selective Attention
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system that prevents us from becoming overloaded with information, results in failures of selection
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If the bottleneck occurs early in the Cognitive Process
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-saves cognitive resources BUT
-limits possibility of topdown intervention |
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If bottleneck occurs late in the process
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-Allows for concious and intentional focusing of attention BUT
-suggests waste of cognitive resources |
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Hemispheres of brain aren't ________
The left hemisphere is focused on ________, whereas the right hemisphere is focused on _______ |
Simetrical in terms of function, language, objects in space
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Hemispatial neglect applies to both _____ and _____
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Visions and memories
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Patients with lesions to the right parential lobe (many who had hemispatial neglect) detected valid targets _____ on right side and _________ on left side
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-normally
-almost normally |
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Posner and Friends theorized
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Attention involves three seperate mental operations:
-Disengaging of attention from the current location -moving attention to new location -engaging attention in a new location to facilitate processing in that location |
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Patients with damage to the midbrain and suffering from a disorder called ______ didn't have a problem with ______ or ____ but had trouble ________________
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-progressive nuclear supranuclear palsy
-disengaing or -Engaging -moving attention to the cued location |
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Cross-Modal faccilitation
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Facilitatory and inhibitory effects can be found within and across different sensory modalities
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If you cross your hands, what happens in terms of Cross-modal processing?
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The effect follows the side of the hand in space, not the side of your body
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Object-Based Attention
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-Attention is directed towaard objects as well as their location
-all parts of the object are simulatenously selected for processing -Identification and recognition of objects occurs very early in perceptual process |
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Spotlight Theory
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We shine a (near literal) spotlight on the visual field, highlighting the things in that area
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Complication of spotlight theory?
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if two objects overlap, its possible to focus on one and not the other
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ERP studies
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-Late 1960's, allows researchers to measure pretty accurately VARIATION IN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY generated by the brain
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Results of ERP studies...
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-found directing attention toward a stimukus results in an increase in the amplitude of waveform as early as 70 to 90 milliseconds after the onset of the stimulus
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ERP are good at....and bad at...
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-temporal percision-measures changes in brainwaves down to a matter of milliseconds
-indicating region of brain responsible for generating brain waves |
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ERPs show that some attentional modulation _______
plus showing similarities across ____________ |
-occurs during the first phases of cortical processing
-endo and exogenous cueing |
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Modulatory influence view
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attention is not a bottleneck or gateway, but an influence that increases or decreases the efficiency with which demanding processing is performed
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Attention by voting
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-Endogenous and exogenous components each get a vote about attention
-votes determine the intensity with which stimuli are experienced |
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Results of ERP studies...
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-found directing attention toward a stimukus results in an increase in the amplitude of waveform as early as 70 to 90 milliseconds after the onset of the stimulus
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ERP are good at....and bad at...
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-temporal percision-measures changes in brainwaves down to a matter of milliseconds
-indicating region of brain responsible for generating brain waves |
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ERPs show that some attentional modulation _______
plus showing similarities across ____________ |
-occurs during the first phases of cortical processing
-endo and exogenous cueing |
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Modulatory influence view
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attention is not a bottleneck or gateway, but an influence that increases or decreases the efficiency with which demanding processing is performed
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Attention by voting
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-Endogenous and exogenous components each get a vote about attention
-votes determine the intensity with which stimuli are experienced |
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FIT, an object that stands out due to one distinct feature is easy to identifye bc _______
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it only requires one map comparison
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FIT, an object that stands out due to more than one distinct feature is more difficult to identify bc ______
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it requires two different map comparisons
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When changes are more _____ people notice them much faster
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-thematically important
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As you're looking at images, you're doing an analysis of
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-how important elements actually are
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Attention is largely ________
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unconscious
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When you're remembering something, the same parts of the brain get activated as when ______________
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you see it in real time
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the human brain can only register one _______ at a time
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-source of pain
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Peculiar ERPs are associated with
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Mental illness
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Problems with voting process
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theres a sea of modules, but doesn't one top module have to have the final say?
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Seccade
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Tiny jump eyes make when they switch area of focus, for this millisecond you're momentarily blind and mind fills in what it thinks you should've seen
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Smooth pursuit movement seems to only encompass
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speed at which animals run
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Theory of how some hallucinagens work:
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they change the way your eyes move
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