Chapter 3 And 4 Psyc 304

Front 1

The central nerous system (CNS) is made of 2 parts

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brain and spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system: two divisions

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the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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somatic nervous system (SNS) interacts with...

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interacts with external environment

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efferent nerves in SNS

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carry motor signals from the CNS out to the skeletal muscles

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afferent nerves in SNS

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nerves that carry singlas from skin muscles joints eyes ears into the CNS

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The ANS

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participates in the regulation of the internal environment
(think your anus is internal, where as sns=sneezes that are external)

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afferent nerves in the ANS

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carry sensory signals from organs to the CNS

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efferent nerves in the ANS

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carry motor signals from teh CNS to organs

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What 2 types or the efferent nerves of the ANS

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sympathetic nerves (make up sympathetic nervous system)
parasympathetic nerves (make up parasympathetic nervous system)

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Sympathetic nerves mobilze energy resources in ________ situations

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threatening situation (ie. adrenal glands
* you should feel sympathetic to people in a threatening situation

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parasympathetic nerves at to _________ energy

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conserve energy

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the dendritic tree surrounds the ______ in neurons

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soma

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the axon connects to the _____ _____ buttons

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axon terminal buttons

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Do dendritic cells have plasticity

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yes. very plastic

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Oliglodendroglia

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have extensions that wrap around axons some neurons in the CNS. These extensions form myelin sheaths

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Schwann cells

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wrap itself around a single axon of a neuron in the PNS. forms a myelin sheath

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Astroglia

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largest glia. Play a number of roles
*think astroids are huge!

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microglia

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respond to injury and disease: multiply and engulf debris and trigger immune responses
*think micro always has to do wit himmune responses and bacteria

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astroglia perform 5 functions that are not just supportive

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1. maitenance and establishment of synapses
2. synchronous neural firing in epilepsy
3. involved in circadian rhythm in some species
4. communicate with neurons and other glial cells
5. form glial circuits

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a cluster of cell bodies is called a nucleus in the CNS. IN the PNS, it is called a___________

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ganglia

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a bundle of axons is called a tract in the CNS, in the PNS it is called a _________

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nerve

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two photon excitation microscopy

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when flouresent proteins are usedto differentiate different parts of the cells

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in primate, dorsal=

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superior

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iin primates, ventral

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inferior
(**because the front side of your body is inferior to the back)

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proximal

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close to

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distal

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far away
*think in the distance

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myelencephalon (medulla)

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-largely of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and body

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reticular formation

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also in the myencephalon
-involved in regulatinf sleep, muscles, cardica, ciruclatory and other REFLEX
*think reticular reflex

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the cerebellum

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is an important component of the sensorimotor system
damage to it affects motor control
contains 50% of all of its neurons

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telencephalon

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iniatest voluntary movement,
sensoy info
-mediates complex processes
-like problem solving

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the large furrows in the cortex are called _____ or ____

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fissures or sulci

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the ridges between the fissures are cllaed _____

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gyri

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the largest fissure

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the longitudinal fissure

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the thing that connects the hemispheres

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the copus callosum

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Why are the resting potential polarized at -70mV

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due to unequal distribution of ions

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Why is there an unequal distribution of ions? (4 points)
2 homogenizing, 2 that lead to unequal distribution

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1.random motion (homogenizing)
2. electrostatic pressure (homogenizing)
3 differential permeability (leads to unequal distribution)
4ion transporters actively lead to unequal distribution

Front 37

When a neurotransmitter molecule binds to a postsynaptic receptor, 2 things can happen:

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-depolarize the membrane (decrease membrane potential from -70 to -67)=excitatory postsnyaptic potential (EPSP)
-hyperpolarize the membrane (increase the potential -70 to -72)=Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Front 38

When a neurotransmitter molecule binds to a postsynaptic receptor and it depolarizes the membrane

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excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP)

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the membrane is depolarized (EPSP) it will increase the likelihood that...

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the post synaptic neuron will fire

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When the membrane becomes hyperpolarize it decreases the likelihood that the...

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postsynaptic neuron will fire

Front 41

once the cell is excited above a certain membrane potential, an ______ _________ can be generated

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action potential

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the threshold of excitation

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-65 mV

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the action potential is

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a massive momentary reversal of the membrane potential (from around -70 to +55mV)

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If the sum of the EPSPs and the IPSPs that reaches the axon segment adjaceent to the hillock, is sufficient to depolarize the membrane above its threshold of excitation, this generates

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an action potential

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Where is the action potential initiated?

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-the segment of the axon immediately adjacent to the axon hillock

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T or F: THer is one kind of receptor for each neurotransmitter

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F: research on acetylcholine helped dispel this belief
-some acetylcholine receptors bind to nicotine, others bind to muscarine

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the order by which neurotansmitters are discoverd :3

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find a substance that has an effect
find the receptors in the nervous system that mediates those effects
find the endogenous susbtance that binds to those receptors

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dendrites

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the short processes emanating from the cell body. Receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons

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axon hillock

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the cone shaped region at the junction between action and cell body

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axon

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the long, narrow process that projects from the cell body

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myelin

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the fatty insulation around many axons

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nodes of ranvier

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the gaps between sections of myelin on the axon

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buttons

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ending of axon branches, realse chemicals into synapse

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synapses

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the gap between adjacent neurons. Chemical signals are transmitted across this

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neuron cell membrane

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made of lipid bilayer (or 2 layers of fat molecules.

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multipolar neuron

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more than two processes ending from its cell body

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unipolar neuron

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ends with only one process from its cell body

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interneurons.

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neurons wiht a short or no axon.
function is to integrate neural activity with in brain structure.

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myeline sheath performs a similar function to ...

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schwannn cells. Both fatty insulating substances.

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golgi stains are best used if your interest is mostly in the

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overall shape of the neuron

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the nissil stain is best used when interest is in the

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overall number of neurons

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myelenchephalon (medulla)

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most back part of brain.

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metenchephalon

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contains the pons and cerebllum

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mescencephalon

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the mid brain.

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diencephalon

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2 parts :thalamus and the hypothalmas.

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telencephalon

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largest divsion of brain contains cerebral cortex
-unmyelinated gray matter and myellinated white matter
-cortex, fissures, gyri, lobes, limbic system, basal ganglia, and the corpus callosum

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membrane potential

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the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a cell

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micro electrodes

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go into the cell to record membrane potential. to small to be seen by human eye

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resting membrane potential

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-70mV in the intracellular fluid

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4 ions that contribute to resting potential

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Na+, K+, Cl- and othe negatively hcarged ions.

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sodium potassium pumps

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continually exchange 3 Na+ ions insidee the neuron for 2 k+ ions outisde

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neurotransmitters are relased from the _____ _____ when the neurons fire.

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terminal buttons

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action potential

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a momentary and massive reversal of the membrane potential. It is an all or none response.

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how are actiion potentials produced

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voltag e activiated ion cbanels that open or close in reponse to changes in the level of membrane potential

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refractory period

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the period afer the initiation of an action potential in which it cant have another one.

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action potentials are responsible for two parts of neural functioning:

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1. that action potential go in one directions. Cant turn around because of the refractory period
2. that of neural firing is related to the intensity of a situation

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neurotransmitters are relased from the _____ _____ when the neurons fire.

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terminal buttons

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action potential

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a momentary and massive reversal of the membrane potential. It is an all or none response.

Front 79

how are actiion potentials produced

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voltag e activiated ion cbanels that open or close in reponse to changes in the level of membrane potential

Front 80

refractory period

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the period afer the initiation of an action potential in which it cant have another one.

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action potentials are responsible for two parts of neural functioning:

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1. that action potential go in one directions. Cant turn around because of the refractory period
2. that of neural firing is related to the intensity of a situation

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in myeltinated axons, ion can only pass through the axonal membrane through the _________ __ __________

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nodes of ranvier

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the transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons

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saltatory conduction (saltaire means JUMP, because it jumps form node to node)

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whats the difference between directed and non directed synapses?

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directed are close to the neurotransmitter receptor
non directed are distant from site of receptor.

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Neuropeptides

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short amino acid chains

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coexistence

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when a neurons has two neurotransmitters

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reuptake

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terminates synaptic messges. Helps the majority of neurotransmitters to be drwawn back into the buttons by transporter mechanism

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enzymatic degradation

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the way other than through reuptake that neurotransimter molecules don't just stay in the synapse.
-by degrading other neurotranmiters

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gap junctions

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the narrow spaces between adjacent neurons. Bridged by connexins.

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amino acid neurotransmitters

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glutamate, aspartate, glycine and gamma- aminobutyic acid (GABA)

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monoamine neurotransmitters

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-synthesized from a single amino acid.

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4 monoamine neurotransmitters

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dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin.

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acetylcholine

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neuortransmitter at neuromusclur junctions

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seven steps in neurotransmitter actions

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1 syntehsis
2 storage invesicles
3 breakdown of any neurotranmitter leaking from the vesicles
4 exocytosis
5 inhibitory feedbakc via receptors
6activationof postsynaptic receptors
7 deactivation

Front 95

how are parkinson's and schizophrenia linked?

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when schizo's have been taking drugs for 3 weeks, become anti psychotic and exhibit mild parkinson's symptoms

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Somatic Nervous system (SNS)

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interacts withEXTERNAL environment: composed of AFFERENT nerves that carry sensory info from skin, muscles, joints eyes ears and so on to the central nervous system and EFFERENT nerves that carry motor signals from the cns to the muslces.

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Autonomic Nervous System

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regulates INTERNAL environment
AFFERENT NERVES that carry motor signals from organs to CNS and EFFERENT nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to interal organs
EFFERENT NER

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sympathetic nerves

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autonomic motor nerves that pproject from th eCNS in the lumbar (small back) and thoeracic (throat) regions of spinal cord.
**Think hwne you are scared you feel it in your spine and throat

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parasympathetic nerves

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project from brain and lower back

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all sympathetic and parasympathetics nerves are ____ staged neural paths.

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2 staged: this means that they go part of the way to the target organ, and then SYNPASE onto other nerve

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neurons

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cells that are specialized for reception conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals

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astrocytes can play the role of

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allowing the passage of some chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and blocking other chemicals

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limbic system

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a circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus
the 4 Fs.
include amygdala, fornix cingulate cortex and the septum

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the basal ganglia plays a role in the performance of

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voluntary motor response

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when the depolarize the membraine

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decreases the resting membrane potential from -70 to -60

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hyperpolarizing the receptive membrane

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increaseis the membrane potential from -70 to -72

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postsynaptic depolarizations are called

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excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Increasing the likelihood that the neuron will fire

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inhibitory post synaptic potentials (IPSPs)

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can be called hyperpolarizations

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the transmission of EPSPS and IPSPs are _________ meaning they decrease i amptitude as they travel through the neuron

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decremental

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EPSP and OPSPs are graded response: meanign that

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the amplitudes of them are proportional to the signalsthat elicit them.

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where is the THRESHOLD OF EXCITATION generated?

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near the axon hillock

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what is the biggest differences between EPSPS, IPSPs and action potentials?

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EPSPs and IPSPS are graded responses wheres as ACTION POTENTIALS are all or none.

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spatial summation

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shows how local EPSPS and that are produced simultaneously on different parts of the membrane can sum to form a bigger EPSPS. Also explains how IPSPs ad EPSPS can cancel each other out.

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temporal summation

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shows how post synaptic potentials produced in rapid succession at the same sunapses sum to form a greater signal.