Chapter 3 Abnormal Psyche

Front 1

Behavioral assessment

Back 1

a sampling of ongoing cognitions, feelings, and overt behavior in their situational context.

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BOLD

Back 2

blood oxygenation level dependent: the signal detected by functional MRI studies of the brain:measures blood flow and thus neural activity in particular regions.

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categorical classification

Back 3

an approach to assessment in which a person is or is not a member of a discrete grouping

Front 4

clinical interview

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general term for conversation between a clinician and a patient that is aimed at determining diagnosis, history, causes for problems, and possible treatment options.

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comorbidity

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the co-occurrence of two disorders, as when a person has depression and social phobia.

Front 6

CT or CAT scan

Back 6

refers to computerized axial tomography, a method of diagnosis in which x-rays are taken from different angles and then analyzed by computer to produce a representation of the part of the body in cross section.

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diagnosis

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the determination that the set of symptoms or problems of a patient indicates a particular diagnosis

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dimensional classification

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an approach to assessment in which a person is placed on a continuum.

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ecological momentary assessment (EMA)

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Form of self-observation involving collection of data in real time(diaries) regarding thoughts, moods, and stressors

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electrocardiogram (EKG)

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a recording of the electrical activity of the heart, made with an electrocardiograph

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electrodermal responding

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a recording of the minute electrical activity of the sweat glands on the skin, allowing for inference of emotional state

Front 12

electroencephalogram (EEG)

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a graphic recording of electrical activity of the brain, usually of the cerebral cortex, but sometimes of lower areas.

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functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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modification of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that allows researchers to take pictures of the brain so quickly that metabolic changes can be measured, resulting in a picture of the brain at work rather than of its structure alone

Front 14

intelligence test

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a standardized means of assessing a person's current mental ability, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale or the Stanford-Binet

Front 15

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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a technique for measuring the structure (or in the case of functional magnetic resonance imaging, the activity) of the living brain. The person is placed inside of a large circular magnet that causes hydrogen atoms to move; the return of the atoms to their original positions when the current to the magnet is turned off is translated y a computer into pictures of the brain tissue

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metabolite

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a chemical breakdown product of an endogenous molecule, such as a neurotransmitter, or of an exogenous drug, used to gauge current or recurrent level of its precursor.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

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a lengthy personality inventory that identifies individuals with states such as anxiety, depression, masculine-feminity, and paranoia, through their true-false replies to groups of statements.

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multiaxial classification system

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classification having several dimensions, all of which are employed in categorizing; DSM-IV-TR is an example

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neurologist

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a physician who specializes in medical disease that affect the nervous system, such as muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, or alzheimer's disease

Front 20

neuropsychological tests

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psychological tests, such as the Luria-Nebraska, that can detect impairment in different parts of the brain

Front 21

personality inventory

Back 21

a self-report questionnaire compromised of statements assessing habitual behavioral and affective tendencies

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PET scans

Back 22

computer-generated picture of the living brain, created by analysis of emissions from radioactive isotopes injected into the bloodstream

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projective hypothesis

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the notion that standard but highly unstructured stimuli, as found in the Rorschach assessment's series of inkblots, are neccessary to bypass defenses in order to reveal unconscious motives and conflicts

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projective test

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a psychological assessment device, such as the Rorschach series of inkblots, employing a set of standard but vague stimuli, on the assumption that unstructured material will allow unconscious motivations and fears to be uncovered

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psychological tests

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standardized procedures designed to measure performance on a particular task or to assess personality

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reactivity

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the phenomenon wherein behavior changes because it is being observed

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reliability

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consistency;the extent to which a test, measurement, or classification system produces the same scientific observation each time it is applied.

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test-retest reliability

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the relationship between the scores that person achieves when he/she takes the same test twice

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interrater reliability

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the relationship between the judgments that at least two raters make independently about a phenomenon

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slit-half reliability

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the relationship between two halves of an assessment instrument that have been determined to be equivalent

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alternate form reliability

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the relationship between scores achieved by people when they complete two versions of a test that are judged to be equivalent

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internal consistency (reliability)

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the degree to which different items of an assessment are related to one another

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Rorschach Inkblot test

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a projective test im which the examinee is instructed to interpret a series of 10 inkblots reproduced on cards

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self-monitoring

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in behavioral assessment, a procedure whereby the individual observes and reports and reports certain aspects of his/her own behavior, thoughts, or emotions

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standardization

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the process of constructing a normed assessment procedure that meets the various psychometric criteria for reliability and validity

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stress

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state of an organism subjected to a stressor;can take the form of increased autonomic activity and in the long term can cause breakdown of an organ or development of a mental disorder

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structured interview

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an interview in which the questions are set out in a prescribed fashion for the interviewer, assists professionals in making diagnostic decisions based on standardized criteria

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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a projective test consisting of black-and-white pictures, each depicting a potentially emotion-laden situation, about each of which the examinee is instructed to make up a story

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internal validity

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the extent which results can be confidently attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable

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external validity

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the extent to which results can be generalized to other populations and settings

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concurrent validity

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the extent to which previously undiscovered features are found among patients with the same diagnosis

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predictive validity (psychiatric diagnosis)

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the extent to which predictions can be made about future behavior of patients with the same diagnosis

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content validity (psychological and psychiatric measures)

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the extent to which a measure adequately samples the domain of interest

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criterion validity (psychological and psychiatric measures)

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the extent to which a measure is associated in an expected way with some other measure

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content validity

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adequately samples the domain of interest

Front 46

content validity

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adequately samples the domain of interest

Front 47

content validity

Back 47

adequately samples the domain of interest

Front 48

content validity

Back 48

adequately samples the domain of interest