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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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large molecules necessary for life |
macromolecules |
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If the pH of a fish bowl is 6, is the fish happy? |
No, fish bowl is usually 7.5, making the tank too acidic at 6. Add a basic solution like baking soda. |
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The higher the pH, the more acidic or basic? |
Basic |
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Which organic molecule distinguishes organic from inorganic? |
Carbons |
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How many covalent bonds can carbon form? |
4, because there are 4 unpaired electrons in the outer shell |
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Which organic molecule can bond to a functional group? |
Carbon |
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a single subunit building block |
monomer |
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multiple subunit combined using covalent bonds |
polymer |
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How are polymers sped up? |
By enzymes |
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the chemical reaction occurring when going from a monomer to a polymer |
dehydration synthesis |
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the dehydration reaction going from a polymer to monomer |
Hydrolysis |
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Polymer to monomer |
"to split water" |
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monomer to polymer |
"to put together by using water" |
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Four classes of macromolecules |
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids |
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2 components of macromolecules |
hydrogen and hydroxyl |
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The Monosaccharides |
Carbohydrates Starches |
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Ratio of carbohydrates, how you know its a carbohydrate |
1 carbon 2 hydrogen 1 oxygen |
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Example of hydrolysis |
digestion |
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Example of a polymer |
protein- polymer made up of many monomers |
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2 biological molecules |
monomers polymers |
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How are biological molecules built? |
From small subunits that form a larger built |
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How are monosaccharides classified |
number of carbons in the background |
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the ratio of how many of each of the atoms you have |
empirical formula |
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Why are starches considered good energy storage molecules? |
there is a lot of potential energy stored in the bonds |
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What are starches composed of |
glucose |
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simple sugar monomers |
glucose and fructose |
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How is a stereoisomer different from a monomer? |
same empirical formula as monomer but the double bond is shifted left and right |
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How is a isomer different from a monomer? |
same empirical formula but moved up or down |
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What do the disaccharides consist of? |
2 monomers |
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Function of disaccharides |
Transport sugars and store energy |
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Examples of disaccharides |
sucrose, lactose, maltose ` |
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gylcogenolysis |
glycogen broken down to release glucose |
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covalent bond formed between a carbohydrate molecules and another molecule, occurs only between glucose and relatives |
glycosidic bond |
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many monomers that store energy |
polysaccharides |
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How are polysaccharides stored in animals? Plants? |
glycogen starch |
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How do polysaccharides provide structural supportB |
Cellulose in plants Chitin in animals |
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most abundant natural biopolymer |
cellulose |
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Which monosaccharide can change its position of how the OH groups are arranged |
glucose |
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Protein functions |
enzyme catalysts defense-antibiodies transport-hemoglobin support motion regulation storage |
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monomers that make up proteins |
amino acids |
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How do we get amino acids? |
diet and assembly inside the cells |
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bonds that occur between the amino acids formed by dehydration reaction where water is released |
peptide bonds |
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Are amino acids polar or non polar and what is their charge? |
Depends on the structure of amino acids |
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group found in the amino acids like HN |
amine group |
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enzymes that break down their substances |
catabolic enzymes |
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structure of amino acids |
have central carbon atom |
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dictates chemical properties of amino acids |
R group |
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How can amino acids be classified |
Polar-attracted to water (soluble and hydrophilic) /Nonpolar(repelled from water, insoluble and hydrophobic) Charged Aromatic Function-Shape |
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4 levels/shapes of porteins |
Primary- simple chain Secondary- interaction of groups in the peptide backbone Tertiary Quaternary |
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permanent changes in shape of protein |
denaturation |
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enzymes that affect the rate of reaction |
catalytic enzymes |
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How to make level of protein smaller |
secondary- alpha helix to coil Beta sheet to roller and fold tertiary- smash in ball quaternary- combine helix and B sheet |
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bonds formed between regions of a quaternary structure |
hydrogen bonds |
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What must be right for a protein to function? |
Shape and structure of protein |
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protein folding that aids in maintaining shape |
chaperone proteins |
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protein coming out of proper configuration, making it not functional |
denaturation |
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3 situations that denaturation can happen with?
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high temperature outside that proteins functional range pH outside proteins normal range salinity or concentration of salts in protein |
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What are lipids non polar? |
Have a high proportion of non polar Carbon-Hydrogen bonds to make it hydrophobic |
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2 main categories of lipids |
unsaturated fats saturated fats |
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Examples of lipids |
oils butter wax adipose tissue |
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functions of lipids |
long term energy waterproofing insulation cushion transport hormones/regulation |
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building blocks of lipids |
triglycerides |
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composition of triglycerides |
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
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outermost layer of animal cells |
phospholipids |
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Which fat should be avoided? |
saturated, like butter |
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What makes up saturated fats? |
hydrogen bonds |
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What makes up unsaturated fats? |
1 or more double bonds between carbons |
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unsaturated fat that got flipped over |
Trans Fat |
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Can be converted into trans fat |
polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats |
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chemical process where isomers are unnaturally converted to unsaturated fats |
partially hydrogenated |
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composition of phospholipids |
glycerol phosphate group |
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construction of a phospholipid |
polar head and non polar tails |
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What do phospholipids spontaneously form? |
micelles and lipid bilayers |
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basis of biological membranes |
bilayers |
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how would subunits of phospholipids be arranged? |
heads tails- don't want to be near water |
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the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life |
nucleic acids |
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2 types of nucleic acids |
DNA and RNA |
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Functions of DNA |
storage transmission genetic info |
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primary molecule of heredity and where genes are located |
DNA |
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What type of sugar is in DNA and then RNA? |
deoxyribose ribose |
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the entire genetic content of a cell |
genome |
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polymers made up of nucleotides |
DNA and RNA |
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the subunits, building blocks or monomers of polymers |
nucleotides |
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What are nucleotides made up of? |
sugar phosphate nitrogenous base |
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intermediary used to communicate with the rest of the cell without the molecules leaving the nucleus |
messenger RNA |
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2 types of nitrogenous bases |
purines (2) pyrimidines (3) |
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Difference between purines and pyrimidines |
double ring structure with Adenine and Guanine both in DNA single ring structure with Cytosine in both DNA and RNA, thymine in DNA ,and Uracil in RNA |
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double helix bond between neighboring nucleotides and a building block to make polymers |
phosphodiester bond |
