Chapter 3 Cells

Front 1

active transport

Back 1

movement of a substance into and out of a living cell requiring the use of cellular energy

Front 2

adenosine triphosphate

Back 2

chemical compound that provides energy for use by body cells

Front 3

anaphase

Back 3

stage of mitosis; duplicate chromosomes move to poles of dividing cell

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anaplasia

Back 4

growth of abnormal (undifferentiated) cells; as in a tumor or neoplasm

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apoptosis

Back 5

programmed cell death by means of several biochemical processes built into each cell; apoptosis clears space for newer cells, as in early embryonic development or in tissue repair

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atrophy

Back 6

wasting away of tissue; decrease in size of a part; sometimes referred to as disuse atrophy

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benign tumor

Back 7

a noncancerous and generally harmless neoplasm

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cancer

Back 8

tumor (neoplasm) capable of metastasizing (spreading) to other parts of the body

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centriole

Back 9

one of a pair of tiny cylinders in the centrosome of a cell; believed to be involved with spindle fibers formed during mitosis.

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centromere

Back 10

a beadlike structure that attaches one chromatid to another during the early stages of mitosis

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centrosome

Back 11

area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus that coordinates the building and breaking up of microtubules in the cell

Front 12

cholera

Back 12

potentially fatal, infectious bacterial disease characterized by severe diarrhea, vomiting, cramps, dehydration.

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chromatid

Back 13

one of a pair of identical strands within a replicated chromosone

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chromatin granule

Back 14

deep-staining, grainy-appearing substance in the nucleus of cells; condenses into distinct chromosomes during cell division

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chromosome

Back 15

DNA molecule that has coiled to form a compact mass during mitosis or meiosis; each chromosone is composed of regions called genes, each of which transmits hereditary information

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cilium (pl. cilia)

Back 16

tiny, hairlike projection of a cell that detects changes outside the cell; some cilia can move, propelling mucus along a surface

Front 17

cleavage furrow

Back 17

appears at the end of anaphase and begins to divide the cell into two daughter cells

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codon

Back 18

in RNA, a triplet of three base pairs that codes for a particular amino acid

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complementary base pairing

Back 19

bonding purines and pyrimidines in DNA; adenine always binds with thymine, and cytosine always binds with guanine

Front 20

crenation

Back 20

abnormal notching in an erythrocyte caused by shrinkage after suspension in a hypertonic solution

Front 21

cystic fibrosis (CF)

Back 21

inherited disease involving abnormal chloride ion (Cl-) transport; causes secretion of abnormally thick mucus and other problems

Front 22

cytoplasm

Back 22

the gel-like substance of a cell exclusive of the nucleus and other organelles

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cytoskeleton

Back 23

cell's internal supporting, moving framework

Front 24

deoxyribonuclic acid (DNA)

Back 24

genetic material of the cell that carries the chemical "blueprint" of the body

Front 25

dialysis

Back 25

separation of smaller (diffusible) particles from larger (nondiffusible) particles through a semipermeable membrane

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differentiate

Back 26

to become different in structure and function, as when some of the original cells of early developmental stages differentiate to become muscle cells and other cells become nerve cells

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differentiation

Back 27

process by which daughter cells become different in structure and function (by using different genes from the genome, all cells of the body share), as when some of the original cells of early developmental stages differentiate to become muscle cells and other cells become nerve cells

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diffusion

Back 28

spreading; for example, scattering of dissolved particles

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DNA replication

Back 29

the unique ability of DNA molecules to make copies of themselves

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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 30

network of tubules and vesicles in cytoplasm; two types: rough and smooth

Front 31

filtration

Back 31

movement of water and solutes through a membrane by higher hydrostatic pressure on one side

Front 32

flagellum (pl flagella)

Back 32

single projection extending from the cell surface; only example in human is the "tail" of the male sperm

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gene

Back 33

one of many segments of a chromosome (DNA molecule); each gene contains the genetic code for synthesizing a protein molecule such as an enzyme or hormone

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genome

Back 34

entire set of chromosomes in a cell; the human genome refers to the entire set of human chromosomes

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Golgi apparatus

Back 35

small sacs stacked on one another near the nucleus that make carbohydrate compounds, combine them with protein molecules, and package the product in a globule

Front 36

hyperplasia

Back 36

growth of an abnormally large number of cells at a local site, as in a neoplasm or tumor

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hypertonic

Back 37

a solution containing a higher level of salt (NaCl) than is found in a living red blood cell (above 0.9% NaCl)

Front 38

hypertrophy

Back 38

increased size of a part caused by an increase in the size of its cells

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hypotonic

Back 39

a solution containing a lower level of salt (NaCl) than is found in a living red blood cell (below 0.9% NaCl)

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interphase

Back 40

the phase immediately before the visible stages of cell division when DNA of each chromosome replicates itself

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isotonic

Back 41

relating to equal or uniform pressures or tension

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lyse

Back 42

disintegration of a cell

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lysosome

Back 43

membranous organelles containing various enzymes that can dissolve most cellular compounds; thus called digestive bags or suicide bags of cells

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malignant tumor

Back 44

a tumor or neoplasm that is capable of metastasizing or spreading to new tissues

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messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 45

a duplicate copy of a gene sequence on the DNA that passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Front 46

metaphase

Back 46

second stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear

Front 47

microvillus (pl microvilli)

Back 47

brushlike border made up of epithelial cells found on each villus in the small intestine and other areas of the body; increases the surface area (as for absorption of nutrients)

Front 48

mitochondrion (pl mitochondria)

Back 48

a thread like structure

Front 49

mitosis

Back 49

indirect cell division involving complex changes in the nucleus

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neoplasm

Back 50

an abnormal mass proliferating cells that may be either malignant or benign

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nuclear envelope

Back 51

the boundary of a cell's nucleus, made up of a double layer of cellular membrane

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nucleolus

Back 52

intercellular structure critical to protein formation because it "programs" the formation of ribosomes in the nucleus

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nucleoplasm

Back 53

a special type of cytoplasm found in the nucleus

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nucleus

Back 54

spherical structure within a cell; a group of neuron cell bodies in the brain or spinal chord; central core of the atom, made up of protons and (sometimes) neutrons

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organelle

Back 55

intercell organ; for example, the ribosome

Front 56

osmosis

Back 56

movement of a fluid through a semipermeable membrane

Front 57

passive transport

Back 57

carry across

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phagocytosis

Back 58

ingestion and digestion of particles by a cell

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phospholipid

Back 59

phosphate-containing fat molecule

Front 60

pinocytosis

Back 60

active transport mechanism used to transfer fluids or dissolved substances into cells

Front 61

plasma membrane

Back 61

membrane that separates the contents of a cell from the tissue fluid; encloses the cytoplasm and forms the outer boundary of the cell

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prophase

Back 62

first stage of mitosis during which chromosomes become visible

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ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 63

a nucleic acid found in the cytoplasm that is crucial to protein synthesis

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ribosome

Back 64

organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that synthesizes proteins; also known as a protein factory

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sodium-potassium pump

Back 65

a system of coupled ion pumps that actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell at the same time - found in all living cells

Front 66

solute

Back 66

substance that dissolves into another substance; for example, in saltwater the salt is the solute dissolved in water

Front 67

spindle fiber

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a network of microscopic tubules formed in the cytoplasm between the centrioles as they are moving away from each other during mitosis

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telophase

Back 68

last stage of mitosis in which the cell divides

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tissue

Back 69

group of similar cells that perform a function

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transcription

Back 70

action that occurs when the double-stranded DNA molecule unwinds and becomes a template to form mRNA, thus making a copy of a gene

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transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 71

type of ribonucleic acid that temporarily binds to specific amino acids and transfers them to specific sequences (codons) on a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule; also known as tRNA

Front 72

translation

Back 72

the synthesis of a protein by ribosomes (by translating genetic code)

Front 73

transport process

Back 73

carry across

Front 74

vesicle

Back 74

a clinical term referring to blisters, fluid-filled skin lesions