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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 basic cell components |
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
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Plasma membrane lipids |
Phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids |
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Glycoproteins provide... |
Identification for immune system |
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Glycolysis occurs where |
Cytosol |
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Three main layers of lipid bilayer |
Phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids |
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Advantages of membrane fluidity |
Allows interactions within plasma membrane, enables movement of membrane components, permits lipid bilayer to self seal when torn |
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Functions of plasma membrane |
Separates cytoplasm from ECF, regulates exchange with ECF, sensitivity to change in concentration in ECF, structural support |
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Plasma membrane is impermeable to... |
Ions and charged molecules |
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Nuclear pores |
Allows communication between nucleus and cytosol |
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Integral proteins |
Binds to ligands, regulates passage of ions, act as carrier molecules for various solutes |
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Integral and peripheral proteins |
Act as anchors for cell membrane and as enzymes |
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Glycoproteins function in membrane |
Cell identity markers |
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Receptors |
membrane proteins that recognize and bind to hormones and neurotransmitters |
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Functions of glycocalyx on cell membrane |
Lubricate and protect cell membrane |
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Functions of glycocalyx on immune system |
Identify cells |
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Functions of glycocalyx with hormones |
Act as receptors |
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Organelle that has a membrane |
Lysosome |
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Cytoskeleton is a... |
Networks or protein filaments that extends throughout cytosol |
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Cytoskeleton is made up of... |
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
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Tubulin assembles into |
microtubules |
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Actin assembles into |
Microfilaments |
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Ribosomes are made up of... |
One small and one large subunit |
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Two subunits of ribosomes are created separately in the |
Nucleolus |
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Location of lipid synthesis |
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Ribosomes attach to the |
Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum produces... |
Secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and many proteins of organelles |
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Mitochondria has its own... |
DNA |
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The matrix in mitochondria contains... |
Metabolic enzymes involved in energy production |
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Mitochondria play an important and early role in... |
Apoptosis |
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Histones help organize... |
The coiling and folding of DNA |
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Genes are... |
Functional units of DNA |
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mRNA consisting of a set of three consecutive nucleotides is a... |
Codon |
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One end of tRNA consists of a triplet of nucleotides called... |
Anticodon |
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Translation |
Process of protein formation where the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Transcription |
Process of forming mRNA |
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mRNA is very important to cells because... |
mRNA can leave the cell and DNA cannot |
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Diffusion |
Movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
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What moves through a membrane using simple diffusion |
Gas like oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Tonicity |
Solution's ability to change the volume of cells by allowing water content |
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Hypotonic |
Contains lower solute concentration than the cytosol inside the cell. |
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Hypertonic |
Solution that contains higher solute concentration than the cytosol |
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Hemolysis |
Occurs when blood is placed in a hypotonic solution |
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Crenation |
Occurs when blood is placed in a hypertonic solution |
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Facilitated diffusion |
Molecules moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins. |
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What limits facilitated diffusion |
Number of available carrier proteins |
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Active transport requires... |
ATP |
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Active transport moves substances... |
Against its concentration gradient |
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Secondary active transport uses what to transport substances? |
Energy supplied by sodium or hydrogen |
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Osmosis |
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
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Osmosis moves from_____ concentration to ______ concentration. |
Low to high |
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Exocytosis |
Ejection of cytoplasmic materials |
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Substances transferred by exocytosis include... |
Neurotransmitters, hormones, digestive enzymes |
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Endocytosis |
Packaging of extracellular materials at the cell surface for importation to the cells |
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Transcytosis |
Movement of a substance through a cell as a result of endocytosis on one side and exocytosis on the other |
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Ligands are |
Specific molecules that binds to a receptor |
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When is cell membrane condition normal? |
Cell interior is more negatively charged than the exterior |
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Different concentrations of hydrogen and sodium in cytosol and ECF is a main reason for: |
Maintaining normal cell volume and the ability of some cells to generate electrical signals |
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What happens during mitosis? |
Two identical daughter cells are formed. |
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How many chromosomes does each daughter cell have after mitosis? |
46 |
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Interphase |
Cells perform normal functions and prepare for division |
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S-Phase |
A cell duplicates its chromosomes (DNA replication) |
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Anaphase |
Chromatids separate |
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Telophase |
Chromosomes uncoil. Nuclear membrane is formed. Cytokinesis may occur |
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Cytokinesis |
Cleavage furrow forms. |
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Meiosis |
Produces haploid gametes. |
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How many chromosomes in each daughter cell after meiosis |
23 |
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How many chromosomes in diploid cells? |
46 |
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How many chromosomes in haploid cells? |
23 |
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Apoptosis |
Genetically controlled death of cells |
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Necrosis |
Abnormal death of cells that results from tissue injury |
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Order of cell division |
Interphase, prophase, anaphase, telophase |
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Interphase |
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Prophase |
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Metaphase |
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Anaphase |
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Telophase |
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Interphase |
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Prophase |
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Metaphase |
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Anaphase |
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Telophase |
