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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Socialization |
The social processes through which we develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self. (page 74)
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Social reproduction
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The process whereby societies have structural continuity over time. Social reproduction is an important pathway through which parents transmit or produce values, norms, and social practices among their children. (page 74)
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Resocialization
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The process of learning new norms, values, and behaviors when one joins a new group or takes on a new social role, or when life circumstances change dramatically. (page 74)
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Cognition
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Human thought processes involving perception, reasoning, and remembering. (page 75)
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Social self
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The basis of self-consciousness in human individuals, according to the theory of George Herbert Mead. The social self is the identity conferred upon an individual by the reactions of others. A person achieves self-consciousness by becoming aware of this social identity. (page 76)
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Self-consciousness
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Awareness of one's distinct social identity as a person separate from others. Human beings are not born with self-consciousness but acquire an awareness of self as a result of early socialization. (page 76)
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Generalized other
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A concept in the theory of George Herbert Mead, according to which the individual takes over the general values of a given group or society during the socialization process. (page 76)
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Sensorimotor stage
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According to Jean Piaget, a stage of human cognitive development in which the child's awareness of his or her environment is dominated by perception and touch. (page 76)
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Preoperational stage
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According to Jean Piaget, a stage of human cognitive development in which the child has advanced sufficiently to master basic modes of logical thought. (page 76)
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Egocentric
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According to Jean Piaget, the characteristic quality of a child during the early years of his or her life. Egocentric thinking involves understanding objects and events in the environment solely in terms of the child's own position. (page 76)
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Concrete operational stage
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A stage of human cognitive development, as formulated by Jean Piaget, in which the child's thinking is based primarily on physical perception of the world. In this phase, the child is not yet capable of dealing with abstract concepts or hypothetical situations. (page 76)
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Formal operational stage
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According to Jean Piaget, a stage of human cognitive development at which the growing child becomes capable of handling abstract concepts and hypothetical situations. (page 77)
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Agents of socialization
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Groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization take place. (page 77)
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Nuclear family
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A family group consisting of an adult or adult couple and their dependent children. (page 77)
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Peer group
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A friendship group composed of individuals of similar age and social status. (page 78)
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Age-grades
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The system found in small traditional cultures by which people belonging to a similar age group are categorized together and hold similar rights and obligations. (page 78)
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Social roles
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Socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status, or occupying a particular social position. In every society, individuals play a number of social roles, such as teenager, parent, worker, or political leader. (page 80)
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Self-identity
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The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us. (page 82)
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Life course
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The various transitions and stages people experience during their lives. (page 85)
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Aging
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The combination of biological, psychological, and social processes that affect people as they grow older. (page 90)
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Social gerontologists
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Social scientists who study aging and the elderly. (page 90)
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Disengagement theory
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A functionalist theory of aging that holds that it is functional for society to remove people from their traditional roles when they become elderly, thereby freeing up those roles for others. (page 91)
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Activity theory
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A functionalist theory of aging, which holds that busy, engaged people are more likely to lead fulfilling and productive lives. (page 91)
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Continuity theory
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Theoretical perspective on aging that specifies that older adults fare best when they participate in activities consistent with their personality, preferences, and activities earlier in life. (page 91)
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Social conflict theories of aging
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Arguments that emphasize the ways in which the larger social structure helps to shape the opportunities available to the elderly. Unequal opportunities are seen as creating the potential for conflict. (page 93)
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Life course theory
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A perspective based on the assumptions that the aging process is shaped by historical time and place; individuals make choices that reflect both opportunities and constraints; aging is a lifelong process; and the relationships, events, and experiences of early life have consequences for later life. (page 93)
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Young old |
Sociological term for persons between the ages of sixty-five and seventy-four. (page 95)
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Old old
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Sociological term for persons between the ages of seventy-five and eighty-four. (page 95)
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Oldest old
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Sociological term for persons age eighty-five and older. (page 95)
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Ageism
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Discrimination or prejudice against a person on the grounds of age. (page 98) |
