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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CELL |
- the structural and functional unit of all living things - all cells maintain boundaries, metabolize/digest nutrients, dispose of wastes, grow and reproduce, move, and respond to stimuli |
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NUCLEUS |
- "control center of cell" - round/oval structure at center - houses the genetic material - contains nucleoli
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CHROMATIN |
- name for DNA in its non-active state, when the cell is not dividing - threadlike, "unwound" |
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CHROMOSOMES |
- coiled and condensed chromatin - much like a spring |
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NUCLEOLI |
- small round bodies located in the nucleus - assembly sites for ribosomes, which make proteins |
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NUCLEAR ENVELOPE |
- double-layered porous membrane - has large nuclear pores, which permit large molecules like protein and RNA to pass easily |
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PLASMA MEMBRANE |
- separates cell contents from the surrounding environment - has double-layered lipid structure (called the "phospholipid bilayer") - determines which substances may enter/leave cell and in what quantity |
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MICROVILLI |
3 minute fingerlike projections that greatly increase the surface area of the cell |
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CYTOPLASM |
all the contents of the cell located within the plasma membrane, including cytoplasm, organelles, etc |
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CHROMOSOMES |
coiled and condensed chromatin |
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NUCLEOLI |
assembly sites for the ribosomes |
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NUCLEAR ENVELOPE |
- bound by a double layered porous membrane - contains large nuclear pores which permit large molecules like protein/RNA to pass easily through |
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RIBOSOMES |
tiny round bodies (2 subunits) consisting of RNA and protein
actual sites of protein synthesis
seen floating free OR attached to rough ER |
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
- membranous system of tubules throughout the cytoplasm
- rough ER: studded with ribosomes - smooth ER: steroid/lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detox |
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GOLGI APPARATUS |
flattened sacs w/ swollen ends and associated small vesicles
found close to the nucleus
package proteins and other substances that will be exported from the cell |
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LYSOSOMES |
various sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes to digest worn out organelles and foreign substances
"suicide packs" |
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PEROXISOMES |
small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase to detox alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, harmful chemicals |
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MITOCHONDRIA |
powerhouse of the cell
double membrane wall with inner folds
produces energy [ATP] |
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CENTRIOLES |
paired, cylindrical which lie at right angles to each other and close to the nucleus
direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division |
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INCLUSIONS |
various other substances in the cell which are not part of the active metabolic processes
stored food, pigment granules, crystals, water vacuoles, ingested foreign materials |
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CELL DIVISION (REPRODUCTION) PHASES |
- interphase - prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase |
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MITOSIS |
specifically nuclear division in normal cell reproduction (not sex cells)
produces two daughter nuclei that are genetically identical to the mother nucleus |
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CYTOKINESIS |
the division of the cytoplasm, which occurs at the end of mitosis (does not always happen) |
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PROPHASE |
-the beginning of cell division -chromatin forms chromosomes -chromosomes duplicate, connected by centromere -centrioles polarize, assemble mitotic spindle - nuclear envelope and nucleolus break down and disappear |
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METAPHASE |
- brief stage - chromosomes align along the metaphase plate, or equator of the spindle |
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ANAPHASE |
- centromeres split, and chromosomes separate and move slowly toward opposite ends - this phase is complete when poleward movement ceases |
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TELOPHASE |
-chromosomes uncoil and resume chromatin form - spindle breaks down and disappears - nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass - nucleoli appear in daughter nuclei |
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CYTOKINESIS |
-typically begins during telophase - cleavage furrow begins to form over equator |
