Chapter 3

Front 1

Nucleus

Back 1

Control center for the cell.
Outer boundary is a porous double layer membrane

Front 2

Nucleolus

Back 2

Organelle contained in the nucleus made up of RNA and protein with the function to produce ribosomes

Front 3

Chromatin

Back 3

Loose complex of proteins and DNA. It will fill up into chromosomes during cell division

Front 4

Cytoplasm

Back 4

The region between the nucleus and the outer limits of the cell

Front 5

Cytoskeleton

Back 5

The basic shape or framework of a cell

Front 6

cytosol

Back 6

Clear liquid in a space of the cytoplasm

Front 7

Organelles

Back 7

Structures made of macromolecules that play specific rolls for the cell

Front 8

Endoplasmic reticulum-ER

Back 8

Tubular transport system for the cell

Front 9

Smooth ER

Back 9

Er that has no texture on its surface and functions in lipid synthesis

Front 10

Rough ER

Back 10

Has texture on its surface and functions in protein synthesis

Front 11

Ribosomes

Back 11

Organelle made up of proteins and RNA that are the sites for protein synthesis. They are free floating in the cytosol or fixed on the rough ER

Front 12

Golgi apparatus

Back 12

Flattened membranous sacs that function to receive substances from the cell to refine, modify, packaged into vesicles, and deliver

Front 13

Mitochondria

Back 13

Double membrane organelle that functions to produce ATP

Front 14

lysosomes

Back 14

Membranous organelles that contain digestive enzymes to eliminate general waste or unwanted materials

Front 15

perioxisomes

Back 15

Membranous organelles that contain digestive enzymes to eliminate lipids biochemicals detoxify alcohol and create bile acids

Front 16

Micro filaments and microtubules

Back 16

Threadlike structures within the cytoplasm to provide shape and structure for the cytoskeleton and to serve as tracks for locomotion within the cell and during cell division

Front 17

centrosome

Back 17

a pair of ventricles that are important during cell division

Front 18

Cilia and flagella

Back 18

Extensions of the cell membrane that provide mobility for the cell.
Cilia are hair like structure that provide a current to promote movement in a particular direction outside of the cell
flagellation is a single whip like tail that provide motion for the cell to move

Front 19

Cell or plasma membrane

Back 19

Double layer of phospholipids is the basic framework of this membrane. It regulates materials entering and exiting the cell. Cholesterol are embedded into the layers to strengthen the framework and make the cell membrane less permeable to water

Front 20

Receptor proteins

Back 20

Strands that have a sensory function and performs single transduction

Front 21

Channel proteins

Back 21

Globular proteins that serve as poor like structures to allow substances a passageway in and out of the cell

Front 22

Carbohydrates

Back 22

Provide more structure to the cell membrane

Front 23

Glyco

Back 23

Associations between carbohydrates and proteins and serves as identification tool among the cells. Health the cells to recognize self cells from foreign cells

Front 24

Cellular adhesion molecules - cams

Back 24

Allow cells to make temporary connections and interactions with other cells or structures

Front 25

Solvents

Back 25

Substances that are in the greatest amount

Front 26

solutes

Back 26

Substances in the smaller amounts and are being dissolved into the solids

Front 27

Intercellular fluid

Back 27

Fluids contained in the cell

Front 28

interstitial fluids

Back 28

Fluids between cells

Front 29

Passive mechanisms

Back 29

Mechanisms that allow material to travel through a membrane without any effort or use of ATP but the cell. Usually moves with a gradient

Front 30

Diffusion

Back 30

Random movement of substances across a membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until equilibrium has been reached.

Passive mechanisms

Front 31

Facilitated diffusion

Back 31

Diffusion with the use or aid of channel proteins. This mechanism usually move larger lipid soluble materials.

Passive mechanism

Front 32

Osmosis

Back 32

Diffusion of water

Passive mechanism

Front 33

Isotonic solution

Back 33

Solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids

Front 34

Hypertonic solution

Back 34

Solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than body fluids. The solution will lift water from the cell so the cell will shrink

Front 35

Hypotonic solution

Back 35

Solution that has a lesser osmotic pressure than body fluids. Will lift water from the solution so the cell will swell

Front 36

Filtration

Back 36

Hydrostatic pressure, the 4th of water, against a porous membrane to move small particles through the membrane

Passive mechanism

Front 37

active mechanism

Back 37

Mechanisms that require the cell to use ATP to move materials across the cell membrane

Front 38

Active transport

Back 38

Movement of substances across a membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration. Since movement is going against a gradient the cell must use ATP to open a channel protein

Active mechanism

Front 39

Endocytosis

Back 39

Use of ATP to produce vesicles in order to transport materials into a cell from the environment

Active mechanism

Front 40

Phagocytosis

Back 40

Bicycle around solids in order for the cell to obtain

Front 41

Pinocytosis

Back 41

Creates vesicles around fluids in order for the cell to obtain

Front 42

exocytosis

Back 42

Use of ATP to produced vesicles within the cell and to remove substances out of the cell and into the environment

Active mechanism

Front 43

transcytosis

Back 43

Coupling of endocytosis and exocytosis

Front 44

Inter phase stage of cell life cycle

Back 44

Longest stage of the cycle
G1 phase -normal growth and metabolism

Front 45

1. s phase
2. G2 phase

Back 45

1. growth and dna synthesis
2. Growth and duplication of organelles to prepare for the next stage of the cycle

Front 46

mitosis

Back 46

nuclear division. Separating duplicate genetic information into two genetically identical new cells

Front 47

Prophase

Back 47

Nuclear membrane fragments, duplicated centrioles migrating away from each other, duplicated chromatin condense into duplicated chromosomes

Front 48

Metaphase

Back 48

Nuclear membrane dissolves, duplicated chromosome align at the equator of the cell, centrioles are at opposite ends of the cell with microtubles called spindle fibre radiates to connect to each half of the chromosomes

Front 49

Anaphase

Back 49

Spindle fibers contract and pull apart the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell

Front 50

Telophase

Back 50

Nuclear membranes start to form around each group of chromosomes. Chromosomes start to loosen into chromatins. The genetic information has divided into two new cells.

Front 51

Cytokinesis

Back 51

Cytoplasmic division that usually begins at the end of mitosis during late anaphase and telophase. It will not separate cytoplasm and organelles equally between the two cells. The new cells can produce and make more organelles if needed

Front 52

Cell differentiation

Back 52

Cells will begin to become specialized. Also begin as undifferentiated cells and their DNA will turn on certain characteristics other characteristics will remain dormant

Front 53

Apoptosis

Back 53

Normal cell death