Chapter 3, 4,6

Front 1

Cell (plasma) membrane

Back 1

Structure - Membrane composed of a double layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded.

Functions - Gives form to cell and controls passage of materials in and out of cell

Front 2

Cytoplasm

Back 2

Structure - Fluid, jellylike substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus in which organelles are suspended.

Functions - Serves as matrix substance in which chemical reactions occur.

Front 3

Endoplamsic reticulum

Back 3

Structure - System of interconnected membrane forming canals and tubules.

Functions - Provides supporting framework within cytoplasm; transports materials and provides attachment for ribosomes.

Front 4

Ribosomes

Back 4

Structure - Granular particles composed of protein and RNA

Functions - Synthesize proteins

Front 5

Golgi complex

Back 5

Structure - Cluster of flattened membraneous sacs.

Functions - Synthesizes carbohydrates and packages molecules for secretion; secretes lipids and glycoproteins.

Front 6

Mitochondria

Back 6

Structure - Double-walled membranous sacs with folded inner partitions.

Functions - Release energy from food molecules and transform energy into usable ATP.

Front 7

Lysosomes

Back 7

Structure - Single-walled membranous sacs

Functions - Digest foreign molecules and worn and damaged cells.

Front 8

Peroxisomes

Back 8

Structure - Spherical membranous vesicles

Fuctions - Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful molecules and break down hydrogen peroxide.

Front 9

Centrosome

Back 9

Structure - Nonmembranous mass of two rodlike centrioles

Functions - Helps organize spindle fibers and distribute chromosomes during mitosis of a cell cycle.

Front 10

Vacuoles

Back 10

Structure - Membranous sacs

Functions - Store and release various substances within the cytoplasm

Front 11

Fibrils and microtubules

Back 11

Structure - Thin, hollow tubes

Functions - Support cytoplasm and transport materials within the cytoplasm.

Front 12

Cilia and flagella

Back 12

Structure - Minute cytoplasmic projections that extend from the cell surface.

Functions - Move particles along cell surface or move the cell

Front 13

Nuclear membrane (envelope)

Back 13

Structure - Double-walled membrane composed of protein and lipid molecules that surrounds the nucleus.

Functions - Supports nucleus and controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm

Front 14

Nucleolus

Back 14

Structure - Dense nonmembranous mass composed of protein and RNA molecules

Functions - Forms ribosomes

Front 15

Chromatin

Back 15

Structure - Fibrous strands composed of protein and DNA molecules.

Functions - Contains genetic code that determines which proteins (especially enzymes) will be manufactured by the cell.

Front 16

Factors for permeability
(pg. 54)

Back 16

1. Structure of the cell membrane

2. Size of the molecules

3. Ionic charge

4. Lipid solubility

5. Presence of carrier molecules

6. Pressure differences

Front 17

Movement through Cell Membranes
(Passive)

Back 17

1. Diffusion - area of high concentration to low concentration.

2. Osmosis - use of water

3. Facilitated diffusion - used for essential nutrients

Front 18

Movement through Cell Membranes
(Active)

Back 18

1. Active transport - use of ATP to get compound through

2. Endocytosis
-Pinocytosis: deep grove becomes vesicle
-Phagocytosis: eating, cell wraps around food

Front 19

Interphase

Back 19

G0 - normal functioning of cell
G1 - Amasses double of all functional matter
S - Chromosomes are replicated
DNA replication
G2 - Final wrap up
M - Mitosis begins

Front 20

Mitosis phases

Back 20

Prophase - chromatin begins to condense

Metaphase - chromatin line up on equator

Anaphase - daughter chromatids are formed; pulled apart by centrioles; tubules disappear

Telophase - New nuclear membrane forms; cell division nearly complete

Front 21

Types of cartilage

Back 21

Hyaline - very smooth, allows smooth movement... very brittle also... found between joints

Elastic - able to stretch; nose, ears, etc.

Fibrocartilage - can take a lot of impact; in between knees, menisci

Front 22

Functions of bones

Back 22

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Mineral storage
5. Blood cell formation (B-Cells)

Front 23

Classifications of bones

Back 23

1. Long - Longer than it is wide
2. Short
3. Flat
4. Irregular - Neither long, short, or flat

Front 24

Parts of bone

Back 24

1. Compact bone tissue
2. Spongy bone tissue