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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the Courses of Prenatal Development?
(hint 4 parts) |
1) Germinal Period
2) The Embryotic Period 3) Fetal Period 4) The Brain |
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Germinal Period
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The period of prenatal development that takes place in the 1st two weeks after conception. it includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, & attachment of zygote to the uterine wall.
*rapid cell div.continues through germinal period. *"biological beginnings" cell div. through mitosis. |
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Blastocyst
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INNER MASS of cell that develops durinig the germinal period. These cells later develop into embryo.
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Trophoblast
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The OUTTER LAYER of cell that develops in the germinal period. These cells later provide nutrition & support for the embryo.
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Embryonic Period
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The period of prenatal development that occures 2-8 weeks after conception. During this period the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support system for the cell form, and organs appear.
*Begins as the blastocyst attaches to uterine wall. *After attachment it isn't called blastocyst anymore, its name is an embryo (3 layers of cell form) |
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Embryo has 3 Layer form During the Embryo Period
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1) Endoderm
2) Mesoderm 3) Ectoderm |
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Endoderm
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The inner layer of cells, which develops into digestive & respiratory systems.
* endo=in-do = inside & * end=butt=digestion=poop |
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Mesoderm
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Middle layer of cell, which becaomes the circulator system, bones, muscles, excretory system reproductive system.
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Ectoderm
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Outter layer of cell, which becaomes the nervous system & brain, sensory receptors (ears, nose, & eyes, for examples) and skin parts (Hair & nails, for example).
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Amnion
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The life-support system that is a thin bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.
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Umbilical Cord
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Contains 2 arteries & 1 vein, & connects the baby to the plecenta.
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Plecenta
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Consists of s disk-shaped groups of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother & the offspring interwine but don't join.
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Organogenesis
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Process of organ formation that takes place during the first 2 months of prenatal development.
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Fetal Period
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The prenatal period of development that begins 2 months after conception and lasts for 7 months on average.
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3 Months After Conception
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the fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 3 ounches.
*Became active moves arms & legs, moving its head & opening & closing its mouth. Face, forehead, eyelids, nose & chin are distinguishable, as are upper &lower arms, hands & other lower limbs. |
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Viable
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The earliest chance the fetus has a chance of surving out of the womb (viable) is about six months (24-25 weeks after conception) but 24-37weeks of pregancy usually need help breathing due to the lungs anen't fully mature.
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Neurons
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The term for nerve cells, which handle infomation processing at the celluar level.
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By Birth How Many Neurons Does a Baby have?
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They have approximately 100 billion neurons, or nerve cells, which handle information processing at a cellular level in the brain. (architecture of human brain is assembled during the 1st two trimesters by connecivity & functioning neurons.
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Neurogenesis
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The forming of neurons.
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Neural Tube
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As the human embryo develops inside its mothers' womb, the nervous system begins forming a long, hoolow tube located on the embryo's back. It is pear-shaped, which forms about 18-24 days after conception, develops out of the ectoderm.
* 2 birth defects related are related to failure of the neural tubeto close are anencephaly & spina bifida. |
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Neurogenesis
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The formation of new neurons.
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Deb Roy
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videotaped his boy
A. Set up cameras in his home B. Recording his son's development from birth to 3 C. Collected raw data of language D. Stay at home moms have early talkers |
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By age 5 babies learn how many words?
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up to 5,000
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By age 5 chimpanzees could do what?
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produce speech
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Why can't animals vocalize words?
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larynx is too high in throat to vocalize words... still have speech ability
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By age 5 what do babies react to?
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mother's voice
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Chomsky theory on talking
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ability to talk is innate
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Forbidden experiment
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raising a child in silence
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What are the 2 case studies?
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Feral children and Ofur Turnekofski
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Feral children
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a) Oxana; feral child in Ukraine
b) Had domestic exposure |
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Ofur Turnekofski
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a) Isolated zebra finches
b) Had rudimentary mating songs c) offspring d) By 5th generation improved song |
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Who are the researchers for language development?
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Watson, Chomsky, Brunner
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There is a what in language development?
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critical period
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Watson
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language was a learned result of behavior
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Chomsky
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a. language acquisition device
b.networks in brain to acquire language |
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Brunner
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a. LAS (language acquisition system)
b. support sustem and socialization for language |
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prelinguistic vocalizations do not what?
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do not represent objects or events
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what are the prelinguistic vocalizations? (hint 5)
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1. crying
2. cooing 3. babbling 4. echolalia 5. intonation |
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Cooing
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vowel-like, pleasant feelings
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Babbling
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Vowels and consonants
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Echolalia
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repetition of vowel/consonant combinations
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Intonation
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patterns of rising and falling melodies
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Rh factor
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positive or negative
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Blood types
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A, B, O, AB
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What is the problem with blood types?
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if not compatible- needs shot so mother does not reject the fetus
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environmental hazards
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radiation (gene mutation), toxic waste, and other chemicals
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Name all 5 maternal diseases
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1. rubella
2. Syphilis 3. Genital herpes 4. AIDS 5. Diabetes |
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Rubella
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german measles, effects prenatal development
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Syphilis
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a STD, Jess
blindness, skin lesions can occur during prenatal development |
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Genital herpes
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1/3 dies during natural birth, 1/4 becomes brain damages, Caesarean can help spreading of virus
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AIDS
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Human deficiency virus
Destroys immune system |
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How can mother spread AIDS to child?
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1. placenta
2. delivery because contact between babies and mothers fluids 3. breast feeding |
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Diabetes/ how is it passed on
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high levels of sugar, passed on genetically only
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Maternal diet effects baby...
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1. being overweight before prego puts baby at risk
2. folic acid and B vitamin |
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Folic acid or lack of folic acid
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linked to spina bifida, to avoid eat fish but watch for mercury and PCB
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Maternal age/ result in what?
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the greater the age the more the risks, can result in down syndrome
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Stress and emotional stress effects
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immune system effected, bad for baby, low stress linked to decline in preterm birth, linked to depression, happy mother=happy baby
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Paternal factors
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down syndrome 5% of kids have older dads, older father= increase chance of birth defects, both mom and dad = double trouble miscarriages
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Smoking = ?
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underdeveloped lungs, cancer
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Parental age
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35+ is bad
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3 stages of birth processes
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1. contractions
2. baby head start 2 move through birth canal 3. afterbirth |
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Contractions
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dilate cervix 12-14hrs
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2nd stage of birth process
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continues till baby completely emerges from mothers body 45min-1hr
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Afterbirth
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placenta and umbilical cord and other members are detached, only lasts a few min
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% of births in US
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take place in hospitals, 99%
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Midwives
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norm in most of world especially Holland
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Doula
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1.caregiver physical, emotional, and education support, b4 during and after birth
2. proven studies to help child birth |
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Methods of Child Birth
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1. Analgesics
2. Anesthesia 3. Oxytocin 4. Natural Child Birth 5. Prepared Child Birth 6. Cesarean Delivary 7. Water Birth |
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Define Analgesics
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It is a method used to reduce pain
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Types of Analgesics
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1. Tranquilizers
2. Barbituates 3. Narcotics(most commomly used narcotic is demerol) |
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Anesthesia
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It is given late 1st stage of labor and the 2nd stage. It can cause expulsion of the baby, block consciousness &sensation but transmitted through plecenta to fetus. Epidural block numbs from the waist down.
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Oxytocin
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relivavly safe, synthic hormones; pitocin is a synthetic of it. Oxytocin newborns w/low health ratings. However, some bbys have sm effects and others have more. Dosage is also a factor.
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Natural Child Birth
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Ames to reduce Mom's pain by decreasing fears by education. This method was dev. in 1914 by Grantly Dickread.
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Grantly Dickread
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Developed a method of child birth called Natural Child Birth in 1914.
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Who Developed the Method of Child Birth Called Prepared Child Birth?
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Ferinand Lamaze
maze=get to end=breathe |
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Define the Method of Child Birth Called Prepared Child Birth
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It is simular to Natural Child Birth but includes specialized breathing technique (hehe-who) in final stage of labor and more independant anomy in physology course (after perparing women know how to give birth)
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Cesarean Dilivery is...
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Breach postionion butt first. Umbilical cord is around neck, like me. A Cesarean is the removal of baby through insision in abdomen.
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Risks of an Cesarean Dilivery is...
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It has a high rate if incection, longer hospital stays, greater expences and stress that accompany any surgery.
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Where is Cesarean Dilivery Delivered More Than Anywhere Else in the World?
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U.S.
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Anoxia
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Occures when it takes to long to be born. It is a condition the fetus got insuficent oxygen = brain damage.
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Vernix Caseosa
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It is the skin grease that is on the baby during the birth. It is a fatty substance, creations of dead cells. It is thought to protect the baby through the birth.
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Water Birth
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Giving birth in a tub of warm water.
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Accupunctute
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The use of needles applied to specific location of the mothers body during the birthing process in order to reduce pain.
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Hypnoisis
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It alters state of attension and awareness.
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Music Therapy
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It reduces stress and manage pain. It is increasingly being used. Few research studies have been held on its effectiveness.
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Breech Position
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The baby's position in the uterus that causes the buttocks to be the 1st part to emerge from the vaginia.
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Measures of Neonatal Health & Development
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1. Apgar scale
2. Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assesment Scale (NBAS) 3. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) 3. Neonatal Int |
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Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assesment Scale aka NBAS
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Test 24-36 hrs, neurological development, reflecxes and reaction to people
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Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale aka NNNS
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Comprensive analyisis of newborns behavior neurological & stress responce & regitory responces & regular capitability.
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Apgar scale
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acesses health on a scale ranging 0-10 (1=bad, 10=gteat), at one minute after bither and then again five minutes after bith. It rates the babies heart beat, respitory efficiency, muscel tone, body color, reflex irribility
Herbert Rubert Must Buy Ribs 0-2 ver bad, 7-10 good ("C" or above) |
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low birth rate
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less than 5.5 lbs
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very low birth rate
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under 3.5 lbs
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extremely low birth rate
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under 2lbs
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Pretem babies
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born 3 months or b4 pregnancy has reiched full term
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Small for Date Infants
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Baby with birth weith bellow normal considering length of pregnancy
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Most Birth r=Rates of Preterm Babies are...
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low and the cause varries.
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Pretem and low birth are likely to have what?
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health problems
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Preterm
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Low IQ, less effective processing skills, behavioral problems, learning disibilities (ADD,ADHD,Breathing porbs)
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Low birth rate
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tend to have social probs and are less likely to get married
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Nurturing preterm ifants can do what?
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some effects can be reduced or even reversed
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Kangaroo care
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ways to hold baby, skin to skin contact (23hrs a day)
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breast feeding
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most pop
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massage therapy
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can benifit infant & help labor pain
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what do preterm babies lack?
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they recieve less touch and are isolated
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Post Partum Period
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period after child birth mother adjusts physically and mentally, about 6 weeks or untill the mothers body completely recovers. It is the time the mother adjust physically, mentally, emotionally, and psychologically
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Physical adjustment
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either very energigized or exusted(called labor4 a reason), Fatigue can lead to depression, loss of sleep, changes in hormone production, drops in estrogen and progestragen drop very low, not breast feeding four to eight weeks and if breast feeding almost a year to get period but may be heavy but returns to normal.
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Inovation
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Uterous goes back to normal 5-6 weeks goes from 2-3 pounds to 2-3oz physical exercise helps restore body.
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Post partum depression
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Despair, hormonal change play part in depression, depress mom's touch baby's less (your fault)
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Fathers
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Go through emotional and phsycological change. More involved Dads are less likely to get depressed mothers.
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Bonding
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Closeness of parents to child. Some think bonding is needed after birth but evidence says it is but some believe it isn't. Rooming arangement.
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